Anthro 1H

• Apidium 50-25 mya
• Proconsol  50-15 mya
• Ramapithicus  15-5 mya
• Autrolopithicus  5-1 mya
•      afarensis (lucy)
•      robustis  
•      africanus
•      habilis
• Homo erectus  2mya - 500 kya
• Homo sapiens neadertalensis   500-35 kya
• Homo sapiens sapiens (modern human)  200kya -present

• 50-25 mya
• quadroped
• small rat like, squirel like
• marble size brain
• terrestrial mammal, lived in grasslands
• had advanced olfactory sense, smelling for spoors
• 25 mya forest succession and more rainfall 
• through process of adaptive radiation he adapts to new arboreal env.
• Those with prehansility survived.
• Develops visual acuity, sight
•    still predominates in us
•    3D binocularity, sterioscopic vision (depth perception benefit)
•    color vision (50 mya)
•    smooth persuit (focus on moving object)
• Developed single births
• Inteligence: memory and quick decision making
• Physiological changes: pronate wrist, 360 degree forearm movement, power grip

• 25-15 mya
• looked like primitive monkey
• Terrestrial
• golfball size brain
• smarter
• started sharing and developing social structure / social organization
• Inteligence is what kept him alive

• 15-5 mya
• primitive ape
• first found and named in india
• baseball size brain

• 5-1 mya
• fully erect
• lived communally
• post cranial 1/3 size of modern human (more ape size)
• softball size brain
• sagital crest: ridge bone at middle cranium
• post orbital constriction
• lived communally
• Oldowan, pebble tool industry
• First found by Raymond Dart
•    2 ways Astrolopithicus was found
•       1) S. Africa, industrial revolution, alot of digging for coal at 400 ft under. Strip mining workers found bones, called university and they sent Raymond Dart. People didn't believe human ancestor and called it "darts folly"
•       2) Later Robert Bloom found 3 more and validated Darts work
• Bipedal:  found by Mary Leaky, Laetoli footprints
• Autrolopithicus robustus and habilis found by leaky family at Olduvai Gorge
• Donald Johansen in Hadar found Lucy: Astrolopithicus Afarensis

• Swartkrans important S. African site.
• zygomatics and broad cheekbones

• 2mya- 500kya
• increase height/ weight and robusticity
• bigger crania size of grapefruit
•     nuchal torus at back of skull, projection of bone
• 1st to leave africa
• 1st game hunters: planned hunting expeditions and followed herds (probably why they left Africa)
• 1st to build shelters
• developed cultural adaptations like clothing made from hides
• began to speciate because of moving and adapting to diff. env.
• Domesticated fire
• domestication of animals started (dogs)
• culture begins as a result of fire
• Acheulian tool industry:
•     biface (hand axe or clever) (africa) had flatter shape then seen in Oldowan cores. used to cut, scrape, pound and dig
•      Chopper (Asia)
•     1st time raw materials are transported for long distances. Not discarded like during Oldowan era
•     Smaller tools: burin

Eugene dobois discovered H.E in Java

• Zhoukoudian site: First Chinese H.E
• largest collection of H.E fossils anywhere in world
• many tools found at site: choppers, flakes, scrapers, points, burins and awls
• first evidence of use of fire

• 500-35 kya
• limited in time and space, mainly europe and middle east
• bigger brains, Cateloup size
• browridges arch over the eyes
• no chin
• tailored their clothing
• had advanced language and elaborate culture
• 1st evidence of spirituality: astrological symbols
• Aesthetic artifacts: not just for looks, ceremonial objects
• Burials: polen, flowers, ocher, artifacts, animal bones
• Cared for the disabled

Shanidar Cave where burials found, concept of afterlife. grave of a handicap person found. 

• La Chepelle Aux Saints site: Most famous
• "Old Man" body flexed position, flint tools and animal bones around body. This site led people to believe that Neadertalensis didn't walk fully erect.

• Mousterian Tool Industry: larger portions of flake tolls than is found in Archulean
• Flakes enhanced through Levallois technique
• tools for skinning, hunding, woodworking and hafting.
• spears but no long distance tools.
• Chatelperonian industry: blade tools.

• 200 kya to present
• between grapefruit and canteloup: 1,000-1500cc
• 1st to have chins
• entered the americas 13kya following animals
• 1st social network and possible trade
• cave art more sophisticated
• burials more complex with grave goods like tools and animal bones

• Cro magnon site in France: most famous early modern human find
• materials here are associated with aurignacian tool industry

• Many tool industries
•   microliths: animal teeth modified
•   grinded stone tools
•   Burin: very common used as chisel, working wood, bone and antler. drilling holes
•   solutrean blade
•   Atlatl
•   ceramic technology (first found in Japan)

Settlements and domestication of plants and animals created social organization

• not transferred. Body does this during stress
• adjustment in our physiology as well as short term behavioral adjustment to environmental conditions
•    caused by stressors

• genetically transferred trait from adult to child
• when humans acclimatize they genetically adapt to the env. and their offspring develop adaptations
•   complextion (skin color)

irreversible and results from exposure to an environmental challenge during growth and development

• stressor: hypoxia (reduced available oxygen)
• Acclimatization: increased respiratory rate, heart rate and production of red blood cells (these contain hemoglobin that transports oxygen)

• increased sweating for cooling
• vasodilation: capillaries near skin dilate to permit increased blood flow to skin. this happens to radiate heat out of the body through the skin

• shivering and increased metabolic rate, generate heat in body
• Vasoconstriction: short term response that restricts heat loss and conserves energy.
• inuits: intermitten vasodilation and vasoconstriction

• pathogens: cause disease
• vectors: carry disease (mosquitos and rats)
• zoonotic: disease transmitted by animal

• tanning is an acclimatization
• Ultraviolet radiation poisoning prevented by
• melanin (pigmentation of skin)
•    Melanocites: cells that produce the melanin in body
•    U.V light, sunlight, strengthens bones and teeth:  done through vitamin D synthesis
• Too much Vit D: hyper vitaminosis
• Too little: rickets (weak bones)

Note: too much Vit A, D or E can be bad for you

• Extremeties and appendages (arms and legs)
• cold: shorter, stalkier (adipose)
• hot: longer and thinner for heat dispersment

• relationship between body mass to volume surface
• body shorter larger in colder climates (stalkier) and body size longer in and thinner in hotter climates

• fur, feathers, skin, eyes, hair
• darker in the tropics and lighter in the poles

continuous in population like a cold or flu

epidemic that spreads rapidly everywhere

measure of severity of a disease

• nose: short nose, flat nostrils allow more oxygen intake in tropical climate and long skinny nose is a warming chamber in cold climate
• Eyes: narrow eyes protect eyeball from freezing in cold (small squint) and big eyes are from tropical climate
• lips: can't find correlation

• physiologically
•    bipedality
•    brain to body proportion (large heads)
•    prehansility (humans have precision grip)

• Behaviorally
•    social structure organizations
•    we live in bands which are uniform worldwide
•    hunting and gathering
•    sexual division of labor

Calendrical and radio-metric

• 1) C-14 
•     1/2 life: 6000 yrs

• 2) K-AR Potassium Argon
•     all ignius rock has this
•     used mostly by prehistoric geologists
•     1/2 life:  1.25 billion yrs

• 3) Dendrochronology (tree ring dating)
•     most accurate of all dating methods
•     you need: stable env. (about same rainfall every year and sun exposure. and a long lived species like Bristle Pine Cone

• Before the flood
• response of church to dinosours

paleolithic (old)

megalithic (middle: before neolithic during which humans increasingly exploited small animals including fish. increased variety of tools and became somewhat less nomadic

Neolithic (new): humans began to domesticate plants and animals. became more sedentary not nomadic anymore

culture of apes and cetatians

• big animals killed off during plasticene
• herds driven off cliffs to be killed
• by 10-12 kya many became extinct

• prenatal phase: conception to birth
• infancy: period of nursing
• childhood or juvinile phase: weaning to sexual maturity (puberty)
• adolencence: puberty to the end of growth
• adulthood: marked by birth of first child and or compleation of growth
• menopause: one full yr. after last period
• post reproductive stage: old age, because people are living longer

heart disease, cancer, stroke, accidents and chronic obstuctive lung disease

degenerative disease: atherosclerosis, cancer and hypertension

• process of physiological decline
• aging

have multiple effects at different times in life span

lack of biodiversity: fewer variations of tuna, butterflies

famine: we don't have food shortage but no good food distribution

env. degredation: killing everything. poisoning earth, air water

Climate change

biggest problem: Over population

over population

2:1:2:3

Y-5 is human cust pattern

H-4 is non human

homodonts are non human

heterodonts are human

face protruding forward. developed dental formula

in time face got flatter and no need for wisdom teeth anymore

• parabolic is human
• ushped is ape

gap in tooth row where canines were