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4 classes of biomolecules
- Carbohydrates
- Lipids
- Proteins
- Nucleic Acids (DNA & RNA)
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biomolecules contain carbon
properties of biomolecules
- 1. each carbon atoms forms 4 covalent bonds
- 2. carbon may bond to other carbon atoms to form long chains (hydrocarbons-octane)
- 3. carbon skeletons of organic molecules vary in length
- 4. carbon atoms on the skeleton may be single or double covalent bonds
- 5. carbon skeletons arranged in rings (Cyclohexane)
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Isomers
molecules that have the same molecular formula but different structures
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functional groups
assemblage of atoms that forms the chemically reactive part of an organic molecule
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examples of functional groups
- hydroxyl: OH- alcohols; end in ol
- carboxyl: COOH- amino acids, nucleic acids
- amino: NH2-amino acids
- Phosphate: PO4 makes ATP, nucleic acids
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monomers
basic building blocks for organic molecules
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monomers and polymers of different categories
carbohydrates
lipids
proteins
nucleic acids
- carbs: glucose; monosaccharide (simple sugar); polysaccharide (long chains of monosaccharides)
- lipids: glycerol and fatty acids; fat
- proteins: amino acids; polypeptide
- nucleic acids: nucleotide; DNA, RNA
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dehydration reaction
reaction that links monomers together by removing water to form polymers
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hydrolysis reaction
breaks polymers apart by bringing water back in
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what is required for hydrolysis and dehydration reactions?
- catalyst; an enzyme
- energy
- catalysts are not used up in the reaction and do not change the reaction. they are words that end in ase. sucrase breaks down sucrose. lipase breaks down lipose.
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carbohydrates
- structure is CH2O
- monomer is glucose
- monosaccharide, disaccharide, polysaccharide
- polymer is polysaccharide starch
- words that end in ose
- monosaccharides are main fuel for cellular respiration; provides energy to cell
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lipids
- lipids include all fats (long term NRG storage animals), oils (long term NRG storage plants), waxes (protection), phospholipids and steroids (plasma membrane)
- nonpolar molecules insoluable in water
- monomer is glycerol
- categories
- trygyceride: fats and fatty acids. saturated if carbon chain is single bonds, unsaturated if carbon chain has double bonds
- phospholipids: major part of cell membrane
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proteins
- long chains of amino acids
- monomer is amino acids (amino and carboxyl group)
- words that end in "ine"
- 4 levels of protein structure
- primary: sequence of amino acids
- secondary: alpha helix coiling due to hydrogen bonding
- tertiary: 3D shape of protein, due to covalent bonds between non-adjacent amino acids
- quaternary: proteins consist of 2 or more polypeptide chains
- cannot function properly if not folded into proper shape. hydrogen bonding holds it in its shape
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nucleic acids
- structure: long chains of nucleotides with a helical shape
- 2 types: DNA and RNA
- DNA and RNA differences
- 1. DNA contains genetic info, RNA translate that info into a product
- 2. DNA double helix, RNA single helix
- 3. DNA has deoxyribose, RNA ribose
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nitrogenous bases
- in DNA: adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine
- in RNA: adenine, guanine, cytosine, uracil
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ATP
- "energy currency" of the cell
- storage molecule for energy.
- extract energy by breaking ATP down to ADP and P
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