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Plasma membrane or cell membrane
The outer boundary of the cell through which the cell interacts with its external environment.
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What are the characteristics functions of the cell?
- Cell metabolism and energy use
- Synthesis of molecules
- Communication
- Reproduction and inheritance
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What are gametes?
Specialized cells responsible for transmitting genetic information.
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Intracellular
Substances inside the cell
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Extracellular or intercellular
Substances outside the cell
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What does the plasma membrane attach cells to?
The extracellular environment or to other cells.
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Membrane potential
The regulation of ion movement by cells results in a charge difference across the plasma membrane.
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The outside of the plasma membrane is ____ charged compared with the inside.
Positively charged
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What is the glycocalyx?
The collection of glycolipids, glycophoteins, and carbohydrates on the outer surface of the plasma membrane.
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What types of molecules are found in the glycocalyx?
Molecules absorbed from the extracellular environment
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What is the Lipid bilayer?
A double layer of phospholipid molecules
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The predominant lipids of the plasma membrane are…
Phospholipids and cholesterol
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How are the phospholipids arranged in the lipid bilayer?
- The polar hydrophilic heads face inside and outside the cell.
- The nonpolar hydrophobic tails face each other in the interior of the plasma membrane.
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What is the function of cholesterol in plasma membranes?
It determines the fluid nature of the membrane and limits the movement of phospholipids, providing stability to the plasma membrane.
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The basic structure of the plasma membrane is determined by its…
Lipids
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Many functions of the plasma membrane are determined by its…
Proteins
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Integral proteins
Penetrate deeply into the lipid bilayer, often extending from one surface to the other.
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Peripheral proteins
Are attached to the inner or outer surfaces of the lipid bilayer
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Marker molecules
Cell surface molecules that allow cells to identify one another or other molecules
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Glycoproteins
Proteins with attached carbohydrates
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Glycolipids
Lipids with attached carbohydrates
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Attachment proteins
Allow cells to attach to other cells or to extracellular molecules
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Cadherins
Proteins that attach cells to other cells.
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Integrins
Proteins that attach cells to extracellular molecules
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Transport proteins
Integral proteins that allow ions or molecules to move from one side of the plasma membrane to the other.
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What type of proteins are included in transport proteins?
Channel proteins, carrier proteins, and ATP-powered pumps
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Channel proteins
One or more integral proteins arranged so that they form a tiny channel through the plasma membrane.
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Which way does the hydrophobic region of the proteins face?
Outward toward the hydrophobic part of the plasma membrane
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Which way does the hydrophilic region of the protein face?
Inward and line the channel
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Nongated ion channels
Channel proteins that are always open and are responsible for the permeability of the plasma membrane to ions when the plasma membrane is at rest.
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Gated ion channels
Protein ion channels that can be opened or closed.
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Chemical signals (ligands)
Small molecules that bind to the proteins or glycoproteins
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Ligand-gated ion channels
Gated ion channels that open and close in response to chemical signals (ligands)
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Voltage-gated ion channels
Gated ion channels that open or close when there is a change in charge across the plasma membrane.
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Carrier proteins (transporters)
Membrane proteins that move ions or molecules from one side of the plasma membrane to the other.
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