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Taxa with with elongate, bilaterally symmetrical bodies are more
Specialized
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Sensory towards front
Cephalization
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Vertebrates have a _____ and ______ nervous systems.
Central and peripheral
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Brain and spinal cord
CNS
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Nervous system has two kinds of systems
Neurons and neuroglia
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Nervous system is shaped by
Competition of neurons for survival; synapse elimination (neurons establish more synapses during development than will be maintained.)
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What supports and protects neurons
Neuroglia
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4 types of neuroglia
Ependymal cells, microglia, oligodendrocytes, astrocytes
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Largest and most numerous of the neuroglia
Astrocytes
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Structural support for neurons, establish BBB, line cpillaries to protect from toxins
Astrocytes
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Ciliated cells that line the central canal and ventricles of the brain/spinal cord. Help in secretion and circulation of CSF
Ependymal
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Smallest and least numerous of neuroglia. Act as wandering police force. Engulf cellular debiris, waste and pathogens.
Microglia
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Mediate inflamatory responses
Microglia
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Myelinate axons in the brain and spinal cord; do same thing out side cns
Oligodendrocytes
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Myelinated axons. Link CNS to sensory/motor of PNS.
White matter
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Unmyelinated; includes neuron cell bodies, dendrite
Gray matter
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Grey matter surrounds white matter in the _______
Brain
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White matter surrounds grey matter in the _____
Spinal cord
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3 stages of info processing
Afferent/interneurons/efferent.
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Information is received from sensory cells
Afferent (sensory)
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Info is received at brain or ganglia, integrated, stored, and transmitted.
Internourons
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Send commands to effectors such as muscle and glands
Efferent (motor)
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Difference in electrical charge
Membrane potential
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All cells have ____ across the membrane
Membrane potential
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When a neuron is NOT signaling, resting potential is
-60 mv
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The difference in _____ between insides and outside of cell establishes voltage differences and membrane potential
Ionic charge
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Sodium/potassium pump uses ____ to move NA out and bring K in
ATP
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This establishes a concentration gradient and creates a neg charge inside cell. (membrane potential)
Sodium/potassium pump
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Channels that are always open
Leak channels
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These channels open/close due to force applied to cell membrane
Chemically gated
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When the resisting potential DECREASES, this is known as
Depolarization (towards 0mV)
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When the resting potention increases
Hyperpolerization
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A small localized change in membrane potential
Graden membrane potential
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Steps to action potential
Depolarization to threshold, activation of Na channels and rapid depolarization, inactivation of Na channels and ACTIVATION of K channels, return to normal permeability
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During this phase, depolarization occurs, na channels are open
Rising phase
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During this phase, it becomes impermeable to sodium and potassium channels open
Falling
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Na is still activated
Undershoot
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Falling phase plus undershooot
Refractory period
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One direction of the refractory period; prevents reversals
Continuous
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Myelin increases propagation speed by allowing a signal to jump
Saltatory
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Conduction speed is affected by
Axon diameter and degree of myelination
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Neurotransmitter used in neuromuscular synapses is
Acetylcholine (Ach)
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Post-synaptic membrane for a muscle cell is the
Motor end plate
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If enough Ach is released, the muscle cell will
Depolarize and generate action potential
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5 main categories of neurotransmitters
Acetylcholine, biogenic amines, amino acids, neuropeptides, dissolved gasses
- Neuro muscular junctions use
- Acetylcholine
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_____ breaks down acetylcholine
Acetylcholinesterase
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Toxins inhibit release of acetylcholine (cant breathe)
Botulism
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Has an excitatory effect
Norepinephrine
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May be inhibitory or excitatory. Cocain inhibits removal of this. Parkinson's disease is result of damage to neurons that produce this
Dopamine
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Inadequate production of this can have significant and widespread effects on a attention and emotional states. May be responsible for sever depression
Serotonin
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Provides automatic regulation of internal envmnt
Autonomic nerv syst
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Controls skeletal muscle contractions. Voluntary, responds to external stimuli
Somatic
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2 parts of autonomic nervous system
Sympathetic and parasympathetic.
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Post-ganglionic neurons of sympathetic are
Noradrenergic (release norepinephrine)
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Post ganglionic neurons of parasmpathetic are
Cholinergic. Release acetylcholine
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Ventral root controls
Motor
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Dorsal root controls
Sensory
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Myelinated axons
Whte matter
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Natural cell bodies
White matter
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Vertebrate brains have bigger/more complex
Olfactory, gustatory, photoreceptors, neuromasts, and electroreceptors
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Is formed by filtration of arterial blood
Cerebrospinal fluid
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Relay station for sensory info going to telecephalon. Receives input from brain regions that regulate emotion/arousal.
Thalamus
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Includes pineal gland, participates in production of CSF
Epithalamus
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Regulates endocrine glands. Body therm. And role in sex/mating behaviors, fight or flight, pleasure
Hypothalamus.
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This is derived from telencephalon
Cerebrum
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These are the centers from planning/learning sequences of movement
Basal nuclei
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In mammals, the cerebrum does 3 things
Perception, learning, memory and conscious behavior
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Layers of neurons on outermost part
Neocortex, more developed in primates
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Top of brain in birds that has neurons clustered into nuclei, may be primitive
Avian pallium
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4 lobes of brain
Temporal, parietal, occipital, frontal
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Part of the brain that receives and processes auditory info.
Temporal
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Visual processing part of the brain
Lower temporal
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Identifying and naming objects
Lower temporal
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Largest part of the brain lobes. Feeling and personality
Frontal lobe
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This controls muscles in specific parts of the body (fine motor control)
Primary cortex
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Important in temperament, decision making, as well as emotional experience.
Prefrontal cortex
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Association of complex stimuli
Parietal lobe
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Responsible for somatosensory cortex, receives touch and pressure info. Translates visual info to 3d space
Parietal
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Receives and processes visual info.
Occipital lobe
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Association areas necessary to make sense of visual world and translate visual experience into language
Occipital lobe
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Damage to _____ removes ability to understand speech but not to speak.
Left temporal lobe (wernike)
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Limbic system is part of
Forebrain
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Limbic system includes:
Amygdala, hippocampus, thalamus
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Involved in transfer of short term to long term memory
Hippocampus
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Involved in processing visual and auditory info
Midbrain
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Crebelellum, pons, and medula oblongata
Hind brain
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These function in breathing and circulation
Medulla and pons
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This is important in coordinating muscle activity and maintaining balance
Cerebellum
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Pons medulla and midbrain
Brainstem
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All axons passing in & out of higher brain regions pass through
Brainstem
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Center for heart/blood vessel activity, swallowing, vomiting, digestion, breathing; contains centers that cause sleep when activated
Medulla
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Determines what info reaches cerebral cortex.
Reticular formation
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Has arousal (wakefulness) center
Reticular formation
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Integrates coordinates motor commands from cerebrum
Metencephalon
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Scn stands for
Suprachiasmatic nucleus
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Controls circadian rhytm
Scn
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Enzymes produce melatonin
Scn
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Shrinkage in brain tissue
Alzheimer's
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2 main stages of sleep
Rem and non rem
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Resembles awake brain
REM
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