-
-
Taxa with with elongate, bilaterally symmetrical bodies are more
Specialized
-
Sensory towards front
Cephalization
-
Vertebrates have a _____ and ______ nervous systems.
Central and peripheral
-
Brain and spinal cord
CNS
-
-
Nervous system has two kinds of systems
Neurons and neuroglia
-
Nervous system is shaped by
Competition of neurons for survival; synapse elimination (neurons establish more synapses during development than will be maintained.)
-
What supports and protects neurons
Neuroglia
-
4 types of neuroglia
Ependymal cells, microglia, oligodendrocytes, astrocytes
-
Largest and most numerous of the neuroglia
Astrocytes
-
Structural support for neurons, establish BBB, line cpillaries to protect from toxins
Astrocytes
-
Ciliated cells that line the central canal and ventricles of the brain/spinal cord. Help in secretion and circulation of CSF
Ependymal
-
Smallest and least numerous of neuroglia. Act as wandering police force. Engulf cellular debiris, waste and pathogens.
Microglia
-
Mediate inflamatory responses
Microglia
-
Myelinate axons in the brain and spinal cord; do same thing out side cns
Oligodendrocytes
-
Myelinated axons. Link CNS to sensory/motor of PNS.
White matter
-
Unmyelinated; includes neuron cell bodies, dendrite
Gray matter
-
Grey matter surrounds white matter in the _______
Brain
-
White matter surrounds grey matter in the _____
Spinal cord
-
3 stages of info processing
Afferent/interneurons/efferent.
-
Information is received from sensory cells
Afferent (sensory)
-
Info is received at brain or ganglia, integrated, stored, and transmitted.
Internourons
-
Send commands to effectors such as muscle and glands
Efferent (motor)
-
Difference in electrical charge
Membrane potential
-
All cells have ____ across the membrane
Membrane potential
-
When a neuron is NOT signaling, resting potential is
-60 mv
-
The difference in _____ between insides and outside of cell establishes voltage differences and membrane potential
Ionic charge
-
Sodium/potassium pump uses ____ to move NA out and bring K in
ATP
-
This establishes a concentration gradient and creates a neg charge inside cell. (membrane potential)
Sodium/potassium pump
-
Channels that are always open
Leak channels
-
These channels open/close due to force applied to cell membrane
Chemically gated
-
When the resisting potential DECREASES, this is known as
Depolarization (towards 0mV)
-
When the resting potention increases
Hyperpolerization
-
A small localized change in membrane potential
Graden membrane potential
-
Steps to action potential
Depolarization to threshold, activation of Na channels and rapid depolarization, inactivation of Na channels and ACTIVATION of K channels, return to normal permeability
-
During this phase, depolarization occurs, na channels are open
Rising phase
-
During this phase, it becomes impermeable to sodium and potassium channels open
Falling
-
Na is still activated
Undershoot
-
Falling phase plus undershooot
Refractory period
-
One direction of the refractory period; prevents reversals
Continuous
-
Myelin increases propagation speed by allowing a signal to jump
Saltatory
-
Conduction speed is affected by
Axon diameter and degree of myelination
-
Neurotransmitter used in neuromuscular synapses is
Acetylcholine (Ach)
-
Post-synaptic membrane for a muscle cell is the
Motor end plate
-
If enough Ach is released, the muscle cell will
Depolarize and generate action potential
-
5 main categories of neurotransmitters
Acetylcholine, biogenic amines, amino acids, neuropeptides, dissolved gasses
- Neuro muscular junctions use
- Acetylcholine
-
_____ breaks down acetylcholine
Acetylcholinesterase
-
Toxins inhibit release of acetylcholine (cant breathe)
Botulism
-
Has an excitatory effect
Norepinephrine
-
May be inhibitory or excitatory. Cocain inhibits removal of this. Parkinson's disease is result of damage to neurons that produce this
Dopamine
-
Inadequate production of this can have significant and widespread effects on a attention and emotional states. May be responsible for sever depression
Serotonin
-
Provides automatic regulation of internal envmnt
Autonomic nerv syst
-
Controls skeletal muscle contractions. Voluntary, responds to external stimuli
Somatic
-
2 parts of autonomic nervous system
Sympathetic and parasympathetic.
-
Post-ganglionic neurons of sympathetic are
Noradrenergic (release norepinephrine)
-
Post ganglionic neurons of parasmpathetic are
Cholinergic. Release acetylcholine
-
Ventral root controls
Motor
-
Dorsal root controls
Sensory
-
Myelinated axons
Whte matter
-
Natural cell bodies
White matter
-
Vertebrate brains have bigger/more complex
Olfactory, gustatory, photoreceptors, neuromasts, and electroreceptors
-
Is formed by filtration of arterial blood
Cerebrospinal fluid
-
Relay station for sensory info going to telecephalon. Receives input from brain regions that regulate emotion/arousal.
Thalamus
-
Includes pineal gland, participates in production of CSF
Epithalamus
-
Regulates endocrine glands. Body therm. And role in sex/mating behaviors, fight or flight, pleasure
Hypothalamus.
-
This is derived from telencephalon
Cerebrum
-
These are the centers from planning/learning sequences of movement
Basal nuclei
-
In mammals, the cerebrum does 3 things
Perception, learning, memory and conscious behavior
-
Layers of neurons on outermost part
Neocortex, more developed in primates
-
Top of brain in birds that has neurons clustered into nuclei, may be primitive
Avian pallium
-
4 lobes of brain
Temporal, parietal, occipital, frontal
-
Part of the brain that receives and processes auditory info.
Temporal
-
Visual processing part of the brain
Lower temporal
-
Identifying and naming objects
Lower temporal
-
Largest part of the brain lobes. Feeling and personality
Frontal lobe
-
This controls muscles in specific parts of the body (fine motor control)
Primary cortex
-
Important in temperament, decision making, as well as emotional experience.
Prefrontal cortex
-
Association of complex stimuli
Parietal lobe
-
Responsible for somatosensory cortex, receives touch and pressure info. Translates visual info to 3d space
Parietal
-
Receives and processes visual info.
Occipital lobe
-
Association areas necessary to make sense of visual world and translate visual experience into language
Occipital lobe
-
Damage to _____ removes ability to understand speech but not to speak.
Left temporal lobe (wernike)
-
Limbic system is part of
Forebrain
-
Limbic system includes:
Amygdala, hippocampus, thalamus
-
Involved in transfer of short term to long term memory
Hippocampus
-
Involved in processing visual and auditory info
Midbrain
-
Crebelellum, pons, and medula oblongata
Hind brain
-
These function in breathing and circulation
Medulla and pons
-
This is important in coordinating muscle activity and maintaining balance
Cerebellum
-
Pons medulla and midbrain
Brainstem
-
All axons passing in & out of higher brain regions pass through
Brainstem
-
Center for heart/blood vessel activity, swallowing, vomiting, digestion, breathing; contains centers that cause sleep when activated
Medulla
-
Determines what info reaches cerebral cortex.
Reticular formation
-
Has arousal (wakefulness) center
Reticular formation
-
Integrates coordinates motor commands from cerebrum
Metencephalon
-
Scn stands for
Suprachiasmatic nucleus
-
Controls circadian rhytm
Scn
-
Enzymes produce melatonin
Scn
-
Shrinkage in brain tissue
Alzheimer's
-
2 main stages of sleep
Rem and non rem
-
Resembles awake brain
REM
|
|