BDCS 6 (Ballast)

• wood: must be below ground water level
• precast concrete: round, square, or octogonal, often prestressed
• cast-in-place concrete: driven with mandrel core, removed before pouring
• concrete-filled steel pipe: driven with sealed tip, then filled with conrete
• structural steel: for dense earth and heavy and loads

grade face back: A (best) and D (poorest)

• C for exterior
• D for interior

• advantages:
• -better quality control of concrete
• -better control over curing (may be steam cured)
• -members castable in all weather
• -members erectable in all weather
• -faster actual construction time

• -most common slab on grade platform (must not be bond together)
• -may be load or non-load bearing
• -may rest on a foundation wall or span between footings and are connected to cast-in-place columns

• -consists of casting floor and roof slabs of a multi-story building, one upon another, with a membrane or bond-breaking agent between, to prevent bonding of slabs
• -jacks attached to structure's columns lift the slab to positions and weld them into place using special steel collars
• -advantage: all mechanical pipes, conduits, ducts can be insulated on grade

-tube-slab refers to a system in which paper tube fillers are embedded in the section to obtain a flat ceiling with no exposed beams

... strength of concrete decreases

these determine (for granular soil) the shear strength of the soil, its permeability, the likely result of frost action and compaction ability

these values give the compaction and compressibility values for cohesive soil

this is used to determine void ratio, which determines compressibiity of the soil

the shear strength for cohesive soil is measured from this value

this number is used to get the compressibility and compaction values for cohesive soil

soils are classified using this system

hydrostatic pressure

steel sheeting is composed of interlocking z-shaped sections supported by continuous horizontal members called wales

• common finishing
• thin sheet material made by impregnating several layers of kraft paper with phenolic resins and overlaying the paper with a patterned or colored sheet and a layer of melamine resin
• assembly is placed on a high pressure where various layers fuse together

made by pressing a decorative overlay from a thermoset polyester or melamine resin-impregnanted saturated sheet onto a cellulosic substrate such as particleboard or medium-density fiberboard

vertical members used between doors to seal the opening, act as a door stop, or provide extra security when the doors are closed

• a door coordinator is a device used with double doors that are rabbeted or that have an astragal on the active leaf
• mounted on head of the frame
• coordinates closing sequence

manufactured by permanently fusing a ceramic frit color to the back of heat-strengthened or tempered glass

• aka low-e glass
• selectively reflects and transmits certain wavelengths of the electromagnetic spectrum
• manufactured by placing a very thin coating of metal or metal oxide on the surface of a piece of glass or a thin film
• transmitting visible light and shortwave solar radiation but reflecting long-wave heat radiation from the air and warm objects

keep heat out of a building, keep heat in or limit the amount of light coming into a building

general term for glazing that changes from either a dark tint or a milky white opaque to a transparent state with the application of an electric current

uses a proprietary system in which light-absorbing microscopic particles are dispersed within a liquid suspension film which is then sandwhiched between two pieces of transparent conductive materials

• fabricated by placing the polymer film between 2 pieces of glass
• transparency can range from transparent to cloudy white
• expensive glass, but can have energy savings from 20-30%

• type 1) clear ceramic that has higher impact resistance than wire glass and a low expansion coefficient; available in 1hr rating
• type 2) special tempered fire-protective glass; max of 30min
• type 3) 2 or 3 layers of tempered glass with a clear polymer gel between them; under fire the clear gell turns to opaque; available in 30min, 60min, and 90min depending on thickness
• type 4) glass block (not all glass block is rated) 

• 1) scratch coat
• 2) brown coat
• 3) final finish coat

portland cement, lime, sand and water

gypsum and lime, aggregates of sand, vermiculite or perlite (fire resistance) and water

• -main source of gypsum in north america
• -process by whereby power-generating plants (and similar plants) remove polluting gases from their stacks to reduce emission of harmful materials into the atmosphere

edge trim requiring finishing with joint compound

• edge trim without a back flange, good for installation after the wallboard has been installed
• requires finishing with joint compound

• edge trim for use with a kerfed jamb
• requires finishing with joint compound

• edge trim that does not require finishing with joint compound
• has a noticeable edge
• aka j-metal

• designates a broad class of products manufactured from a high-strength, high-density gypsum reinforced with continuous-filament glass fiber or chopped glass fibers
• aka fiberglass-reinforced gypsum (FRG), glass-fiber-reinforced gypsum (GFRG)

light residential

moderate residential

max residential

highest abrasion resistance - commercial

most common type, using small chips no larger than 3/8"

uses chips larger than 3/8"

utilizes thin random-fractured slabs of marble with standard terrazzo between

has the matrix depressed to expose the chips

• red oak
• white oak
• maple
• birch
• beech
• pecan
• mahogany
• walnut

• yellow pine
• fir
• western hemlock

bamboo and palm wood

• comes from coconut plantations
• 3/4" to 3" wide strips with tongue-and-groove edges

• 1/2" to 3/4" thick strips
• about 3" wide
• milled with tongue and groove

• polyethylene
• if moisture is a problem

• standard test method for flammability of finished textile floor covering materials
• aka methenamine pill test or the pill test

• process of applying mortar coat to control leakage in masonry basement or foundation walls
• one of the most common and effective ways to control water leakage, particularly where hollow masonry units are used

• process that employs an electric current and an electrolytic solution to deposit a metallic coating on steel
• tin, zinc, and cadmium are commonly applied in this manner

• process consists of placing steel into an enclosure in which it is surrounded with metallic zinc dust and then heated
• produces a clear, thin zinc coating

• process of spraying molten metal on the surface to be coated
• extensively used for applying zinc and aluminum coatings, and is principal method used for field application

• heavy loads and square bays
• spans up to 40ft

economical for heavy loads, but not spans over 25 or 30ft

• inexpensive formwork
• not economical for heavy loads or spans over 20 to 25ft

horizontal member that holds individual pieces of shoring in place

consumer product safety commission

achieves the most uniform, straight-grain appearance in wood paneling

fine cracks on a coat of paint

cars parked adjecent to a building

• shower=30" width by 60" length
• floor clearance=36" width by 60" length

• 8" on each side
• 16" depth if 36" or smaller fireplace opening
• 20" depth if 36" or larger fireplace opening

• relectance of a material
• 0 is black (absorptive)
• higher is more reflective

a short beam passed through a wall to provide temporary support

• Annealing is a heat process whereby a metal is heated to a specific temperature /colour and then allowed to cool slowly.
• This softens the metal which means it can be cut and shaped more easily.

• -Crystal Palace (1851)
• -immense prefabricated glass and cast iron structure

• -The Home Insurance Co. Building (1883-1885)
• -first building completely framed in steel

• -Reliance Building (1890-1895)
• -expressed aesthetics of its steel skeleton

• -Marshall Field Wholesale Store (1885-1887)
• -floors were supported with timber framing and exterior walls were largely of stone construction

• -copper has a tendancy to tarnish when exposed to weather
• -soldering aluminum is difficult and should be avoided
• -stainless steel requires no additonal protective coating
• -copper and stainless steel expand and contract at about the same rate

• -generally involves impregnating the wood with fire-retardant chemicals pressure
• -these chemicals decrease the rate of flame spread or rapidity with which fire will spread across the surface of the wood
• -treatment may be used for various sizes of wood members
• -chemicals used are different than those used for decay prevention

-should never be used to lower freezing point of concrete because the quantity needed is so great that strength and other properties would be seriously affected