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types of piles
- wood: must be below ground water level
- precast concrete: round, square, or octogonal, often prestressed
- cast-in-place concrete: driven with mandrel core, removed before pouring
- concrete-filled steel pipe: driven with sealed tip, then filled with conrete
- structural steel: for dense earth and heavy and loads
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sanded grades
grade face back: A (best) and D (poorest)
- C for exterior
- D for interior
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precast concrete
- advantages:
- -better quality control of concrete
- -better control over curing (may be steam cured)
- -members castable in all weather
- -members erectable in all weather
- -faster actual construction time
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tilt-up
- -most common slab on grade platform (must not be bond together)
- -may be load or non-load bearing
- -may rest on a foundation wall or span between footings and are connected to cast-in-place columns
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lift slab
- -consists of casting floor and roof slabs of a multi-story building, one upon another, with a membrane or bond-breaking agent between, to prevent bonding of slabs
- -jacks attached to structure's columns lift the slab to positions and weld them into place using special steel collars
- -advantage: all mechanical pipes, conduits, ducts can be insulated on grade
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tube slab
-tube-slab refers to a system in which paper tube fillers are embedded in the section to obtain a flat ceiling with no exposed beams
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when water-cement ratio increases...
... strength of concrete decreases
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grain size and shape
these determine (for granular soil) the shear strength of the soil, its permeability, the likely result of frost action and compaction ability
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liquid and plastic limits
these values give the compaction and compressibility values for cohesive soil
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specific gravity
this is used to determine void ratio, which determines compressibiity of the soil
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unconfined compression
the shear strength for cohesive soil is measured from this value
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water content
this number is used to get the compressibility and compaction values for cohesive soil
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unified soil classification system
soils are classified using this system
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foudations below the water table, are subject to...
hydrostatic pressure
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wales
steel sheeting is composed of interlocking z-shaped sections supported by continuous horizontal members called wales
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high-pressure decorative laminate (HPDL)
- common finishing
- thin sheet material made by impregnating several layers of kraft paper with phenolic resins and overlaying the paper with a patterned or colored sheet and a layer of melamine resin
- assembly is placed on a high pressure where various layers fuse together
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thermoset decorative paneling
made by pressing a decorative overlay from a thermoset polyester or melamine resin-impregnanted saturated sheet onto a cellulosic substrate such as particleboard or medium-density fiberboard
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astragal
vertical members used between doors to seal the opening, act as a door stop, or provide extra security when the doors are closed
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coordinator
- a door coordinator is a device used with double doors that are rabbeted or that have an astragal on the active leaf
- mounted on head of the frame
- coordinates closing sequence
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spandrel
manufactured by permanently fusing a ceramic frit color to the back of heat-strengthened or tempered glass
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low-emissivity glass
- aka low-e glass
- selectively reflects and transmits certain wavelengths of the electromagnetic spectrum
- manufactured by placing a very thin coating of metal or metal oxide on the surface of a piece of glass or a thin film
- transmitting visible light and shortwave solar radiation but reflecting long-wave heat radiation from the air and warm objects
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energy-efficient glazing
keep heat out of a building, keep heat in or limit the amount of light coming into a building
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electrochromic glazing
general term for glazing that changes from either a dark tint or a milky white opaque to a transparent state with the application of an electric current
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suspended particle device glazing (SPD)
uses a proprietary system in which light-absorbing microscopic particles are dispersed within a liquid suspension film which is then sandwhiched between two pieces of transparent conductive materials
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polymer-dispersed liquid crystal film glazing
- fabricated by placing the polymer film between 2 pieces of glass
- transparency can range from transparent to cloudy white
- expensive glass, but can have energy savings from 20-30%
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fire-rated glazing
- type 1) clear ceramic that has higher impact resistance than wire glass and a low expansion coefficient; available in 1hr rating
- type 2) special tempered fire-protective glass; max of 30min
- type 3) 2 or 3 layers of tempered glass with a clear polymer gel between them; under fire the clear gell turns to opaque; available in 30min, 60min, and 90min depending on thickness
- type 4) glass block (not all glass block is rated)
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plastering coats
- 1) scratch coat
- 2) brown coat
- 3) final finish coat
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stucco
portland cement, lime, sand and water
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plaster
gypsum and lime, aggregates of sand, vermiculite or perlite (fire resistance) and water
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flue-gas desulfurization
- -main source of gypsum in north america
- -process by whereby power-generating plants (and similar plants) remove polluting gases from their stacks to reduce emission of harmful materials into the atmosphere
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LC bead
edge trim requiring finishing with joint compound
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L bead
- edge trim without a back flange, good for installation after the wallboard has been installed
- requires finishing with joint compound
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LK bead
- edge trim for use with a kerfed jamb
- requires finishing with joint compound
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U bead
- edge trim that does not require finishing with joint compound
- has a noticeable edge
- aka j-metal
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glass-reinforced gypsum (GRG)
- designates a broad class of products manufactured from a high-strength, high-density gypsum reinforced with continuous-filament glass fiber or chopped glass fibers
- aka fiberglass-reinforced gypsum (FRG), glass-fiber-reinforced gypsum (GFRG)
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group 1 (tile)
light residential
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group 2 (tile)
moderate residential
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group 3 (tile)
max residential
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group 4 (tile)
highest abrasion resistance - commercial
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standard terrazzo
most common type, using small chips no larger than 3/8"
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venetian terrazzo
uses chips larger than 3/8"
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palladiana terrazzo
utilizes thin random-fractured slabs of marble with standard terrazzo between
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rustic terrazzo
has the matrix depressed to expose the chips
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standard hardwoods
- red oak
- white oak
- maple
- birch
- beech
- pecan
- mahogany
- walnut
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softwoods
- yellow pine
- fir
- western hemlock
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species of wood flooring
bamboo and palm wood
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palm wood
- comes from coconut plantations
- 3/4" to 3" wide strips with tongue-and-groove edges
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bamboo
- 1/2" to 3/4" thick strips
- about 3" wide
- milled with tongue and groove
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wood floor underlayment
- polyethylene
- if moisture is a problem
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ASTM D-2859
- standard test method for flammability of finished textile floor covering materials
- aka methenamine pill test or the pill test
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parging
- process of applying mortar coat to control leakage in masonry basement or foundation walls
- one of the most common and effective ways to control water leakage, particularly where hollow masonry units are used
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electroplating
- process that employs an electric current and an electrolytic solution to deposit a metallic coating on steel
- tin, zinc, and cadmium are commonly applied in this manner
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sherardizing
- process consists of placing steel into an enclosure in which it is surrounded with metallic zinc dust and then heated
- produces a clear, thin zinc coating
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metallizing
- process of spraying molten metal on the surface to be coated
- extensively used for applying zinc and aluminum coatings, and is principal method used for field application
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waffle slab (best use)
- heavy loads and square bays
- spans up to 40ft
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flat slab system (best use)
economical for heavy loads, but not spans over 25 or 30ft
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flat plate system
- inexpensive formwork
- not economical for heavy loads or spans over 20 to 25ft
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walers
horizontal member that holds individual pieces of shoring in place
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what agency sets requirements for safety glazing in buildings?
consumer product safety commission
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quarter slicing
achieves the most uniform, straight-grain appearance in wood paneling
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crazing
fine cracks on a coat of paint
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surcharge load
cars parked adjecent to a building
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ADA shower dimensions
- shower=30" width by 60" length
- floor clearance=36" width by 60" length
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code requirements for fireplace hearth
- 8" on each side
- 16" depth if 36" or smaller fireplace opening
- 20" depth if 36" or larger fireplace opening
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albedo
- relectance of a material
- 0 is black (absorptive)
- higher is more reflective
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Needle beam
a short beam passed through a wall to provide temporary support
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annealing of metal
- Annealing is a heat process whereby a metal is heated to a specific temperature /colour and then allowed to cool slowly.
- This softens the metal which means it can be cut and shaped more easily.
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Joseph Paxton's landmark structure
- -Crystal Palace (1851)
- -immense prefabricated glass and cast iron structure
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William LeBaron Jenney
- -The Home Insurance Co. Building (1883-1885)
- -first building completely framed in steel
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Burnham and Root's
- -Reliance Building (1890-1895)
- -expressed aesthetics of its steel skeleton
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H.H. Richardson
- -Marshall Field Wholesale Store (1885-1887)
- -floors were supported with timber framing and exterior walls were largely of stone construction
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Exposed flashing material properties
- -copper has a tendancy to tarnish when exposed to weather
- -soldering aluminum is difficult and should be avoided
- -stainless steel requires no additonal protective coating
- -copper and stainless steel expand and contract at about the same rate
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fire-retardant treated wood
- -generally involves impregnating the wood with fire-retardant chemicals pressure
- -these chemicals decrease the rate of flame spread or rapidity with which fire will spread across the surface of the wood
- -treatment may be used for various sizes of wood members
- -chemicals used are different than those used for decay prevention
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calcium chloride admixture
-should never be used to lower freezing point of concrete because the quantity needed is so great that strength and other properties would be seriously affected
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