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Gross or macroscopic anatomy
the study of large body structures visible to the naked eye
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Regional Anatomy
all the structures in a particular region of the body
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Systematic Anatomy
body structure is studyed system by system
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Surface Anatomy
the study of internal structures as they relate to the overlying skin surface
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Microscopic Anatomy
structures that are exceedingly cut in thin slices of body tissues that are stained and mounted on glass slides to be examined under the microscope
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Cytology
the cells of the body
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Histology
the study of the tissues
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Developmental Anatomy
traces structural changes that occur in the body throught the life span
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Embryology
concerns developmental changes that occur before birth
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Pathological Anatomy
structural changes caused by disease
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Radiographic Anatomy
studies internal structures as visualized by X-ray images or specialized scanning procedures
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Subdivisions of Anatomy
(1)Surface anatomy, (2)gross anatomy, (3)systematic anatomy, (4)regional anatomy, (5)radiographic anatomy, (6)developmental anatmomy, (7)embryology, (8)cytology, and (9)pathological anatomy
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Physiology
the study of how body structures function
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Subdivisions of Physiology
(1)cell physiology, (2)systems physiology, (3)pathophysiology, (4)exercise physiology, (5)neurophysiology, (6)endocrinology, (7)cardiovascular physiology, (8)immunophysiology,(9)respiratory physiology, (10)renal physiology, and (11)reproductive physiology.
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Renal Physiology
concerns kidney function and urine production
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Neurophysiology
explains the workings of the nervous system
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Cardiovascular physiology
examines the operation of the heart and blood vessels
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Levels of Structural Organization
Cells-->Tissues-->Organs-->Systems-->Organism
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Types of Tissues
Epithelium, Muscle, Connective tissue, Nervous tissue
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Epithelium
covers the body surface and lines its cavities
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Muscle tissue
provides movement
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Connective tissue
supports and protects body organs
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Nervous tissue
provides a means of rapid internal communication by transmitting electrical impulses
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11 Organ Systems
Integumentary, skeletal, muscle, nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular, lymphatic, respiratory, digestive, urinary, and reproductive
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Life Processes
Metabolism, Responsiveness, Movement, Growth, Differentiation and Reproduction
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Metabolism
the sum of all chemical processes that occur in teh body
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Catabolism
breaking down substances into their simpler building blocks
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Anabolism
synthesizing more complex cellular structures from simpler substances
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Responsiveness
is the ability to detect and respond to changes in teh external or internal environment
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Movement
includes motion of the whole body, individual organs, single cells, or even organelles inside cells
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Growth
refers to an increase in size and complexity, due to an increase in numer of cells, size of cells, or both
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Differentiation
is the change in a cell from an unspecialized state to specialized state
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Reproduction
refers either to the formation of new cells for growth, repair, or replacement, or to the production of a new individual
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Homeostasis
is a condition in which the body's internal environment reamins within certain phyiological limits
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Homeostatic Control
Stimulus-->Receptor-->Control Center-->Effector
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Receptor
monitors changes in the controlled condition and then sends the information called the input to the control center
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Control Center
determines the point at which a controlled condition should be maintained
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Effector
receives information, called the output, from the control center and produces a response
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Negative Feedback Mechanism
if a response reverses the original stimulus (back to normal)
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Negative Feedback: Blood Pressure
If stimulus (stress) causes blood presuure (controlled condition) to rise, pressure-sensitive nerve cells (receptors) in certain blood arteries send impulses (input) to the brain (control center). The brain sendds impulses (output) to the heart (effector), causing the heart rate to decrease (response) and the return of blood pressure to normal (restoration of homeostasis).
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Axial
Head, Neck, and Trunk
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Appendicular
limsns, which are attached to the body's axis
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Sagittal Plane
vertical plane that divides the body into right and left parts
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Frontal Plane (coronal)
anterior/posterior vertical
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Transverse Plane (cross section)
superior/inferior runs horizontally
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Oblique sections
are cuts made diagonally between the horizontal and the vertical planes
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Superior (cranial)
toward the head; above
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Inferior (caudal)
away form the head; below
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Ventral (anterior)
at the front of the body; in front of
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Dorsal (posterior)
at the back of the body; behind
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Medial
toward or at the midline of the body; on the inner side of
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Lateral
away from the midline of the body; on the outer side of
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Proximal
closer to the origin of the body part or the point of attachement of a limb to the body trunk
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Distal
fartjer from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk
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