Anatomy

the study of large body structures visible to the naked eye

all the structures in a particular region of the body

body structure is studyed system by system

the study of internal structures as they relate to the overlying skin surface

structures that are exceedingly cut in thin slices of body tissues that are stained and mounted on glass slides to be examined under the microscope

the cells of the body

the study of the tissues

traces structural changes that occur in the body throught the life span

concerns developmental changes that occur before birth

structural changes caused by disease

studies internal structures as visualized by X-ray images or specialized scanning procedures

(1)Surface anatomy, (2)gross anatomy, (3)systematic anatomy, (4)regional anatomy, (5)radiographic anatomy, (6)developmental anatmomy, (7)embryology, (8)cytology, and (9)pathological anatomy

the study of how body structures function

(1)cell physiology, (2)systems physiology, (3)pathophysiology, (4)exercise physiology, (5)neurophysiology, (6)endocrinology, (7)cardiovascular physiology, (8)immunophysiology,(9)respiratory physiology, (10)renal physiology, and (11)reproductive physiology.

concerns kidney function and urine production

explains the workings of the nervous system

examines the operation of the heart and blood vessels

Cells-->Tissues-->Organs-->Systems-->Organism

Epithelium, Muscle, Connective tissue, Nervous tissue

covers the body surface and lines its cavities

provides movement

supports and protects body organs

provides a means of rapid internal communication by transmitting electrical impulses

Integumentary, skeletal, muscle, nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular, lymphatic, respiratory, digestive, urinary, and reproductive

Metabolism, Responsiveness, Movement, Growth, Differentiation and Reproduction

the sum of all chemical processes that occur in teh body

breaking down substances into their simpler building blocks

synthesizing more complex cellular structures from simpler substances

is the ability to detect and respond to changes in teh external or internal environment

includes motion of the whole body, individual organs, single cells, or even organelles inside cells

refers to an increase in size and complexity, due to an increase in numer of cells, size of cells, or both

is the change in a cell from an unspecialized state to specialized state

refers either to the formation of new cells for growth, repair, or replacement, or to the production of a new individual

is a condition in which the body's internal environment reamins within certain phyiological limits

Stimulus-->Receptor-->Control Center-->Effector

monitors changes in the controlled condition and then sends the information called the input to the control center

determines the point at which a controlled condition should be maintained

receives information, called the output, from the control center and produces a response

if a response reverses the original stimulus (back to normal)

If stimulus (stress) causes blood presuure (controlled condition) to rise, pressure-sensitive nerve cells (receptors) in certain blood arteries send impulses (input) to the brain (control center). The brain sendds impulses (output) to the heart (effector), causing the heart rate to decrease (response) and the return of blood pressure to normal (restoration of homeostasis).

Head, Neck, and Trunk

limsns, which are attached to the body's axis

vertical plane that divides the body into right and left parts

anterior/posterior vertical

superior/inferior runs horizontally

are cuts made diagonally between the horizontal and the vertical planes

toward the head; above

away form the head; below

at the front of the body; in front of

at the back of the body; behind

toward or at the midline of the body; on the inner side of

away from the midline of the body; on the outer side of

closer to the origin of the body part or the point of attachement of a limb to the body trunk

fartjer from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk