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Name phases A-D
What is the name of angle E, and what is it's typical measurement?
angle F?
- I- deadspace, fresh gas
- II- deadspace, alveolar gas
- III- alveolar gas plateau
- IV- inspiration
- α- ~ 100
- β- ~ 90
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What is typical O2 consumption?
consumption __________ with decreasing weight.
- 3.5 ml/kg
- increase (e.g. 50kg is 3.7 ml/kg)
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how long after a meal, does carbohydrate metabolism become minimum and fat
dominate?
8-10 hrs
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What is the resp quotient equation and what is mixed metablism value?
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What is the diff btw a capnograph, capnometer and capnometry?
- capnograph- graph
- capnometer- measures a NUMBER
- capnometry- act of measuring CO2 (number)
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Name phases and lung location
- IV- trachea
- II- bronchus
- III- alveoli, small airways
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Capnograph is measured as a function of _____.
TIME
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What will happen to the α angle in pt's with obstructive lung dz?
INCREASE!
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how is MAINSTREAM gas analysis performed?
infrared
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Has sampling occurs at a rate of about ______ ml/min. If the sampling line is placed too close to __ ______, inspiratory gas may be trapped and skew reading.
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What are benefits of sidestream measurement?
Mainstream?
- not limited to CO2, not bulky, no extra deadspace, cheaper
- no "leak in circuit, decreased artifact, faster response
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What would cause this to appear on the capnograph?
Obstruction of lungs, or tube
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What are normal and abnormal EtCo2-PaCO2 gradients?
•Normal 0 to 7 mmHg
•Slightly Abnormal 7 to 10 mmHg
•Moderately Abnormal 10 to 13 mmHg
•Markedly Abnormal > 13 mmHg
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What two things can increase CO2?
temp and metabolism increases
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what things cause increase in P(a-Et)CO2
- pulmonary hypoperfusion
- cardiac arrest
- pulmonary embolism
- PPV
- High rate, low tidal Vol ventilation
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If expiratory valve is not seated correctly what will happen?
Inspiratory valve?
- baseline CO2 won't be zero, will increase at an angle
- CO2 will increase but base will still be zero
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CO2 is calculated by percent times what?
barometric pressure minus water vapor pressure (47)
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What does this indicate?
breathing over ventilator
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ID the waveform cause
cardiogenic oscillations
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What can cause an increase in baseline CO2 measurement?
- expiratory valve incompetent
- inner tube problem coaxial system
- inspiratory valve incomp- sometimes
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What will cause this waveform?
how would it vary with a circle system?
- incompetent unidirectional inspiratory valve
- baseline won't be zero
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What could cause occasional rebreathing?
wet valve, sticks occasionally
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Low end tidal CO2 can be caused by what?
- hyperventilation
- increase in deadspace
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What would cause this waveform?
one lung transplant, kyphoscoliosis
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What would cause a decrease in plateau?
contamination
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Sudden drop in CO2 caused by?
Gradual drop
- disconnect of circuit
- PE or sudden blood loss with continued pulm blood flow, drop in CO
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An increasing PaCO2 to ETCO2
gradient implies an increase in ____ _______.
dead space
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Gradual increase in CO2 slope is caused by:
obstruction, rising temp or hypoventilation
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canpnometry may not respond well to ______ ventilatory rate. this will case _____ waves.
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