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What is ATP composed of?
a nitrogenous base, a pentose sugar, & 3 phosphate groups
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What is the universal energy molecule throughout all living things?
ATP
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Bacteriophages produce ________ on agar media inoculated for confluent growth.
plaques
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The enzyme that unwinds the DNA double helix during replication.
DNA helicase
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What are the "classification" types of viruses (morphologically)?
- complex
- helical
- polyhedral
- enveloped
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What can viruses never be cultivated in?
sterile nutrient agar
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ATP is used to ______ chemical energy for cellular functions.
drive
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A bacteria that produces an important biochemical necessary for the PCR reaction used in current biotechnology procedures.
Thermus aquaticus
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The theory that explains ATP production in the mitochondria.
Chemiosmosis
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Organic catalysts in living organisms are complex polymers that fall into the category of bio-macromolecules called?
Complex proteins
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The glycolysis process in eukaryotic cells occurs in the cellular ______ and splits glucose into two molecules of ______.
cytoplasm; pyruvic acid
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In eukaryotes, cellular respiration reactions (aerobic) that produce tremendous quantities of useful cellular energy occur in the ________ and produce _______ as a waste product.
mitochondria; CO2
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A theory that helps describe a hydrogen ion concentration gradient to generate most cellular energy (ATP).
Chemiosmosis
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In the procedure for comparing DNA in crime scene investigations and paternity studies, the pieces of DNA that are compared after gel electrophoresis are called _____
DNA rflp
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Which bacteria produces an important biochemical necessary for the PCR reaction used in current biotechnology procedures?
Thermus aquaticus
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A theory that helps describe that a hydrogen ion concentration gradient generates most cellular energy (ATP).
Chemiosmosis
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A substance that can cause an "inheritable" change in DNA.
mutagen
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Genetic change in bacteria that involves the transfer of naked DNA from one bacterium to another.
transformation
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In a typical bacterial growth curve, rapidcell division (binary fission) occurs in what phase?
lag
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What is one amazing fact that came fro the "Human Genome project"?
Significantly fewer genes were found
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In a typical bacterial growth curve, the ______ phase represents the period when cell destruction exceeds cell division.
death
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When a cell is preparing to divide, in order for its daughter cells to have all its info, it must first oversee the ______ of its DNA.
replication
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The Codon on mRNA that matches the Anticodon on tRNA "AGU".
UCA
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The RNA copy of DNA is produced by a process called ________.
transcription
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The site of protein synthesis is made primarily of _______.
rRNA
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The actual assembly of amino acids into proteins at the ribosome involves all 3 kinds of RNA and the process is called _______.
translation
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In RNA, the base ______ replaces the _____ of DNA.
uracil; thymine
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One of the constant parts of the DNA molecule is the sugar ________ and _______.
deoxyribose; phosphate
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Two examples of a helical virus.
TMV, Ebola
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The "twisted" shape of a virus.
helical
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Two examples of a polyhedral virus.
adeno & polio
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A virus that has "many heads".
polyhedral
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An example of an envelope virus.
flu
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This type ("shape") of a virus can be helical or polyhedral & has a phospholipid bilayer.
envelope
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An example of a complex virus.
E. Coli
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These viruses have multiple types of proteins & take shapes that are not symmetrical.
complex (bacteriophages)
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The basic virus particle.
virion
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The protein coat surrounding the nucleic acid core of the virus.
capsid
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What is the capsid of a virus made of?
individual protein subunits called capsomeres
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A modified piece of the host's cell membrane and can have specific spikes of protein that aid in attachment and make them sensitive to chemical actions of disinfectants.
envelope
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What are two examples of spikes of proteins contained in the envelope of a virus?
H and N spikes of influenza
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Examples of where viruses are cultivated.
- tissue & bacteria cultures;
- embryonated eggs
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The ______ is ideal for viral multiplication and is what is used to prepare the flu vaccine.
egg
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The cloudy are where bacteria grow.
"lawn"
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If you see a zone of clearing, it is called a ____ and is where ______ grow.
plaque; viruses
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A physical rupture or deterioration of a cell.
Lysis
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The indefinite persistence of bacteriophage DNA in a host without bringing about the production of virions.
Lysogeny
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The growth in an artificial medium of cells derived from living tissue.
tissue culture!
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The state of being inactive
latency
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An infectious agent that lacks a capsid and consists of closed circular RNA molecule. They are all plant pathogens.
Viroid
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A "proteinaceous infectious agent".
prion
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A cytopathic protein associated with slow-virus spongiform encephalopathies of humans & animals.
prion
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Four examples of prions.
- scrappie (sheep)
- Kuru (humans)
- KJD (humans)
- BSE (mad cow disease in cattle)
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Adsorption, penetration, genetic recombination of virus DNA attach to the host chromosome and lies dormant.
lysogenic (latent) cycle
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Two diseases where latent virus infections are seen.
HIV and Herpes
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