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The flashcards below were created by user
apowell20
on FreezingBlue Flashcards.
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The Internal Carotid Artery leads to the...
Cranium
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The External Carotid Artery leads to the...
facial muscles, forehead, and oral, nasal, orbital cavities
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What arteries arise from the SUBCLAVIAN artery?
Vertebral Arteries
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The VERTEBRAL ARTERIES enter the cranium through the...
Foramen magnum
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The VERTEBRAL ARTERIES anastomose to become the...
Basilar Artery
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The BASILAR ARTERY is located...
on the base of the brain
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The BASILAR ARTERY supplies...
the spinal cord, medulla, pons, midbrain, and cerebellum (lower structures)
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What is the job of the CIRCLE OF WILLIS?
To connect the Internal Carotid and Vertebral/Basilar blood supply to the CEREBRAL ARTERIES
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What arteries compose to CIRCLE OF WILLIS?
- Posterior Communicating Artery and
- Anterior Communicating Artery
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How does the CIRCLE OF WILLIS act as a safety valve?
If arteries BELOW it are obstructed, the obstruction wont pass through the circle
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What structure provides blood flow to the Cerebral Arteries and the Central Penetrating Arteries?
The Circle of Willis
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Which artery travels up and back along the MEDIAL surface of the hemispheres?
Anterior Cerebral Artery
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Which artery supplies the medial frontal lobe surfaces, limbic lobe, and medial surface fo the motor cortex (LOWER LIMBS)?
Anterior Cerebral Artery
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Which artery is know as "OUR artery" or the "SLP artery"?
The Middle Cerebral Artery
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Which cerebral arteries is the largest?
Middle Cerebral Artery
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Which artery course through the LATERAL FISSURE and develops three major branches on the LATERAL surface of each hemisphere?
Middle Cerebral Artery
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What are the 3 branches formed by the Middle Cerebral Artery?
- -Frontal branch
- -Temporal branch
- -Parietal branch
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Which artery is a broad "FAN-LIKE" distribution of supplies to the critical speech-language-hearing areas in the frontal and temporal lobes?
Middle Cerebral Artery
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How many Posterior Cerebral Arteries are there?
2
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Which artery supplies the INFERIOR surfaces of the TEMPORAL lobe and OCCIPITAL lobe?
Posterior Cerebral Artery
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Which artery supplies DEEP BRAIN STRUCTURES such as the thalamus, caudate nucleus, globus pallidus, putamen, internal capsule, etc.
Central Penetrating Arteries
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When does the EMBRYONIC PERIOD occur?
Conception through week 8
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When does the FETAL PERIOD occur?
week 8 through week 36
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What is a ZYGOTE?
a single cell, a fertilized ovum
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what is a single celled, fertilized ovum?
ZYGOTE
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What composes a MORULA?
16 cells
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When does a MORULA occur?
4 days, post conception
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What is a BLASTOCYST?
a fluid filled sphere
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What is a BLASTOCYST composed of?
- Trophoblast = Placenta
- Inner Cell Mass = Embryoblast
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What is TRILAMINAR?
the 3 germ layers
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What are the three germ layers (named outer to inner)?
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the ECTODERM composes the...
brain, nerves, skin
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the MESODERM composes the...
muscles, bones, tendons, circulatory system
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the ENDODERM composes the...
epithelial lining of digestive and respiratory systems... The INNER SKIN
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What does the NOTOCHORD become?
the spinal column
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The NEURAL GROOVE/ TUBE becomes the...
Central Nervous System (CNS)/ Spinal Cord
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The NEURAL CREST becomes the
PNS/ Spinal and Cranial Nerves
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When do sulci and gyri begin to evlove on the fetal brain?
20+ weeks
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At the end of the _____ trimester, all adult surface features are present
3rd
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How much does the brain's weight increase in the first 2 years?
350%
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What shows that MYELINATION is occurring?
the inhibition of primitive reflexes
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Name "SPECIFIC ACTIVITY" reflexes
- Palmer (Grasp)
- Babinski (Startle)
- Rooting
- Sucking
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Name "MASS ACTIVITY" refluxes
Moro (Startle)
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In the older brain, where is the loss of brain tissue most obvious?
on the surface
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Gryi become increasing ___ and sulci become increasingly _____
flattened, wider
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What is NEUROGENESIS?
- the process by which neurons are created;
- most active during the prenatal development
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What is NEURON PRUNING?
a process that reduces the overall number of overproduced or "weak" neurons into more efficient synaptic configurations
WEEDING OUT weaker synapses
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What is APOPTOSIS?
programmed cell death... occurs naturally
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what is NECROSIS?
cell death that results from cell injury... NOT natural
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Is MYELIN SHEATH gained or lost as the brain ages?
lost
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What are SENILE PLAQUES?
deposits of various materials in nerve cell bodies and blood vessels
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what is FLUID INTELLIGENCE?
"NATIVE MENTAL ABILITY".... INFO PROCESSING
- our ability to think and reason
- executive function
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what is CRYSTALLIZED INTELLIGENCE?
accumulated info and vocab
info available for PROBLEM SOLVING
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What type of intelligence seems to be more affected by brain aging?
FLUID INTELLIGENCE
reasoning, executive functioning
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What type of intelligence seems to be LESS affected by brain aging?
CRYSTALLIZED INTELLIGENCE
skills that rely on well-practiced skills and familiar info and routine
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What type of tasks are more difficult for older adults?
TIMED Tasks
due to SLOWED PROCESSING (vs diminished intelligence)
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True/False
Older adults have increasing difficultly focusing on relevant info and are more susceptible to distractions
TRUE
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what is WORKING MEMORY?
- SHORT TERM
- retention of info that must be manipulated to perform a mental task
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What are the types of long term memory?
- episodic
- semantic
- procedural
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memories based on episodes, events, and experiences are...
EPISODIC memories
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memories based on content like facts, concepts, and word associations, etc
SEMANTIC memory
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memory of PHYSICAL SKILLS such as swimming, bike-riding, or playing tennis
PROCEDURAL memory
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True/False
Memory tasks that require processing new info quickly are more likely to pose difficulty.
TRUE
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