Biology: Musculoskeletal

The axial skeleton is the basic framework of the body, consisting of the ____________ , _____________, and _____________.

Cartilage

Most cartilage is avascular, containing no blood or lymph vessels, and is devoid of nerves.
A. True
B. False

Cartilage receives nourishment from capillaries located in nearby CT and bone via _______ through surrounding fluid.

_______________, also called cancellous bone, consists of interconnecting lattice of bony spicules called ______________.

______________ bone marrow is inactive and infiltrated by adipose tissue.

_____________ is involved in blood cell formation.

The bones of the appendages are called _____________.

The shaft of the long bone is called a _________________.

The dilated ends of long bones are called epiphyses

The diaphysis is composed primarily of __________________.

The ______________ are composed of spongy bone surrounded by a thin layer of compact bone.

The ____________________ is a disk of cartilaginous cells separating the diaphysis from the epiphysis, and is the site of longitudinal growth.

A fibrous sheath called the _________________ surrounds the long bone, and is the site of attachment to muscle tissue.

Some periosteum cells differentiate into ____________________.

Compact bone is composed of dense, hardened bone matrix, which contains both ___________ and _____________ components.

In compact bone, the organic components include ______________.

In compact bone, inorganic components include _________________.

The association of __________ and ____________ gives bone its characteristic strength

The bony matrix is deposited in structural units called ____________, also known as Haversian systems.

Each osteon consists of a microscopic channel called a _________________.

The Haversian canal is surrounded by a number of concentric circles of bony matrix called _____________.

There are _____________, ________________, and _____________ in the Haversian canals, vascularizing and innervating bone tissue.

Radiating from each lacuna are a number of minute canals called __________________.

The _____________ interconnect with each other and with Haversian canals, allowing exchange of nutrients and wastes.

________________ synthesize and secrete organic constituents of the bony matrix.

________________ are large multinucleated cells involved in bone resorption (destroy bone!)

Bone formation occurs by either ___________________ or by ____________________.

In _____________________, existing cartilage is replaced by bone.

Long bones arise primarily through ______________________.

In ________________________, mesenchymal (embryonic, undifferentiated) connective tissue is transformed into and replaced by bone.

During __________________, inorganic ions (i.e. calcium and phosphate) are absorbed from the blood for use in bone formation.

During ___________________, inorganic ions (i.e. calcium, phosphate) are released into the blood.

______________, and hormones, ___________ and ______________, are all involved in the regulation of bone remodeling (forming, and destroying).

The freely movable _________ joints, the two bones are separated by a cavity.

An example of a synovial joint is ______________.

Synovial joints are subject to _____________.

______________ ease friction between tendons and ligaments and between tendons and bones.

The knee and elbow are _______________ because they largely permit movement in one direction.

_____________ joints allow movement in all planes and even rotational movement.

The skeletal muscle is innervated by the __________________.

The cytoplasm of a muscle fiber is called _____________.

The cell membrane of a muscle fiber is called the ____________________.

The __________________ is capable of propagating an action potential, and is connected to a system of transverse tubules (T system) oriented perpendicularly to the myofibrils.

The __________________ provides channels for ion flow throughout the muscle fibers, and can also propagate an action potential.

Skeletal muscles can be characterized as either red or white.
A. True
B. False

Red skeletal muscle fibers are abundant in ___________ content, and _____________.

_______________ derive their energy from aerobic respiration and are capable of sustained and vigorous activity.

___________________ contain less myoglobin and fewer mitochondria.

________ skeletal muscle fibers are anaerobic.

Which of the following has a greater rate of contraction?
A. White skeletal fibers
B. Red skeletal fibers

Which of the following fatigues more easily ?
A. White skeletal muscle fibers
B. Red Skeletal muscle fibers

The ______________ is composed of thin and thick filaments.

The thin filaments of the sacromere are the ____________.

Actin filaments are associated with two proteins: _________________, ________________.

The thick filaments are composed of organized bundles of ____________.

In the sacromere, the ________________ define the boundaries of a single sacromere and anchor the thin filaments.

______________ runs down the center of the sacromere.

In the sacromere, the ___________ is the region containing thin filaments only.

In the sacromere, the _______________ is the region containing thick filaments only

In the sacromere, the _______________ spans the entire length of the thick filaments and any overlapping portions of the thin filaments.

During skeletal muscle contraction, the ______________ is not reduced, while the H zone and are reduced.

During skeletal muscle contraction, the ____________, and ___________ are reduced in size.

_________________ break down ATP and form cross bridges that attach to and pull the actin filaments toward the center of the sacromere.

Muscle fibers rely on _______________, a storage form of high-energy phosphate for energy.

Muscle contraction is stimulated by a message from the _________________ sent via a motor neuron.

During muscle contraction, the sarcolemma of the muscle fiber is called the _____________________.

________________ of the motor neuron results in the release of neurotransmitters from the nerve terminal.

During muscle contraction, once an action potential is generated, it is conducted along the ____________, and the ____________, and into the inferior of the muscle fiber.

During contraction, the generation of the action potential causes the ______________ to release Ca²⁺ into the sarcoplasm.

The Ca²⁺ binds to the ______________.
a. troponin
b. tropomyosin

ATPase Activity
5 steps:

What is the function of Ca2+ in muscle contraction?

Individual muscle fibers generally exhibit an ____________ response.

The strength of the contraction of a single muscle fiber cannot be increased, regardless of the strength of the stimulus.
A. true
b. false

Whole muscle exhibits an all or none response.
a. true
b. false.

A ______________________ is reached when all the fibers have reached the threshold value and the muscle contracts as a whole.

__________ refers to the continual low-grade contractions of the muscle, which are essential for both voluntary and involuntary muscle contraction.

A ________________ is the response of a single muscle fiber to a brief stimulus at or above the threshold stimulus.

A simple twitch consists of 3 periods:
1. ________________
2. ________________
3. ________________

During a simple twitch, the time between stimulation and the onset of contraction is the ___________ period.

During the ____________ period in a simple twitch, the action potential spreads along the sarcolemma and Ca²⁺ ions are released.

Following the contraction in a simple twitch, there is a brief relaxation period in which the muscle is unresponsive to stimulus, this is known as the ______________.

Following the absolute refractory period in a simple twitch, a _____________ occurs, during which a greater than normal stimulus is needed to elicit a contraction.

When the fibers of a muscle are exposed to a very frequent stimuli, the muscle cannot fully relax.
A. true
B. false

A tetanus contraction is stronger than a simple twitch of a single fiber.
a. true
b false.

Smooth muscle is innervated by ________________.

_____________ possess one centrally located nucleus.

Smooth muscles also contain actin and myosin filaments.
a. true
b. false

All muscle contractions by skeletal, smooth, and cardiac require Ca²⁺ for contraction.
a. true
b. false

____________ muscle contains many nuclei per cell.

Smooth muscle contractions are slower, and are capable of being sustained longer than skeletal muscle contractions.
a. true
b. false

________________ muscle typically have both inhibitory and excitatory synapses that regulate contraction via the nervous system.

_______________ muscle also have the property of reflexively contracting without the nervous stimulation; this is called myogenic activity.

Like skeletal muscle, ____________ muscle have actin and myosin filaments that are arranged in sacromeres, giving the striation look.

___________ muscle contains 1-2 nuclei (centrally located) per cel.

Cardiac muscle is innervated by the _________________.

______________ has a high O₂ affinity.

Connective Tissue:

________________ binds epithelium to underlying tissues and is the packing material that holds organs in place.

Loose connective tissue contains 3 types of fibers :
1. ________________
2. ________________
3. ________________

Connective tissue:

______________ fibers are composed of collagen and have great tensile strength.

Connective Tissue:

_______________ fibers are composed of elastin and endow connective tissue with resilience

Connective tissue:

________________ fibers, which are branched, tightly woven fibers that join connective tissue to adjoining tissue.

There are two major cell types in loose connective tissue:
1. _________________
2. _________________

In loose connective tissue, ____________ secrete substances that are components of extracellular fibers

In loose connective tissue, _______________ engulf bacteria and dead cells via phagocytosis.

_______________ is a connective tissue with very high proportion of collagenous fibers.

Connective Tissue:

_________________ fibers are organized into parallel bundles that give the fibers great tensile strength.

__________________ tissue forms tendons, which attach muscle to bone.

____________ attach muscle to bone.

___________ hold bones together at joints

A _________ muscle will contract to decrease the angle of a joint.

A __________ muscle will contract to straighten the joint.

An _____________ moves a part of the body away from the body's midline.

An ______________ moves a part of the body toward the midline.

_______________ are bone cells involved in the secretion of bone matrix.

_______________ serves as the site of attachment of bone to muscle.

Cells of the _______________ differentiate into osteoblasts

The ________________ is a fibrous sheath that surrounds long bones.