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Respiratory pathway:
- 1. nasal cavities
- 2. larynx
- 3. trachea
- 4. bronchi
- 5.broncioles
- 6. alveoli
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Each alveolus is coated with a thin layer of liquid containing _______________, and is surrounded by an extensive network of capillaries
Surfactant
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____________ lowers the surface tension of the alveoli and facilitates gas exchange across the membranes.
surfactant
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The lungs are surrounded by 2 membranes called:
1. _______________
2. _______________
- 1. visceral pleura
- 2. parietal pleura
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The space between the two pleura is called the________________.
Intrapleural space
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The pressure between the ___________ and the _____________ prevents the lungs from collapsing.
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Inhalation
- *diaphragm contracts & flattens
- *external intercostal muscles contract, pushing the rib cage and chest wall up and out
- *thoracic cavity increases in volume
- *This volume increase causes a decrease in intrapleural pressure - causes the lungs to expand and fill with air
- *This is referred to as negative - pressure breathing because air is drawn in by a vacuum.
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Exhalation
- *passive process
- *lungs and chest wall are highly elastic, and tend to recoil to their original position
- *thoracic cavity volume decreases --- causes an increase in pressure in the intrapleural space
- *During forced exhalation, the internal intercostal muscles contract.
- *Surfactant reduces the high surface tension of the fluid lining of the alveoli, preventing alveolar collapse during exhalation.
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Ventilation is regulated by neurons located in the __________________, whose rhythmic discharges stimulate the intercostal muscles and/or the diaphragm to contract.
Medulla oblongata
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The neural signals of the oblongata can be modified by _____________, which respond to changes in the pH and the partial pressure of CO2 in the blood.
chemoreceptors - example in the aorta
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When the partial pressure of CO2 rises, the medulla oblongata stimulates an increase in the rate of ventilation.
a. true
b. false
true
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Hyperventilation _________ the partial pressure of CO2 in the blood below normal.
a. increases
b. decreases
b. decreases
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An instrument called a ______________ measures the amount of air normally present in the respiratory system and the rate at which ventilation occurs.
spirometer
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The maximum amount of air that can be forcibly inhaled and exhaled from the lungs is called the _________________.
Vital capacity
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The amount of air normally inhaled and exhaled with each breath is the ____________________.
Tidal volume
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