lab quiz 4

units of heredity located on the chromosomes

a gene with an altered DNA base sequence

a group of symptoms that appear together and tend to indicate the presence of a particular disorder

used to view chromosome inheritance. a procedure in which a physician uses a long needle to withdraw a portion of the amniotic fluid containing fetal cells

displays  and numbers the homologous chromosomes plus the sex chromosomes

when homologues fail to separate during Meiosis I

the inheritance of 3 chromosomes instead of 2

when someone inherits 3 number 21 chromosomes

it is a syndrome which causes females to not undergo puberty. caused by the absence of the 2nd sex chromosome. they have one X instead of 2

when the cells of the ovary produce female gametes called oocytes

a mature ovum and a second polar body that is discarded

the generation of sperm

spermatids which grow to mature sperm cells

spermatogonia are constantly replicating mitotically during the life of a male

all girls are born with all the primary oocytes (eggs) they will ever have. they are arrested in prophase I and when a girl reaches puberty hormones stimulate the growth of one or two of the primary oocytes each month. so once a month during ovulation

females with 3 X chromosomes

• males with an extra X chromosome
• testes underdeveloped
• breasts may be enlarged

• males with 2 Y chromosomes
• taller than average
• persistent acne
• speech and reading problems

• by Mendel states that
• 1. inherited characters are determine by genes
• 2. these factors occur in pairs
• 3. when gametes form, these genes segregate so that only one of the homologous pair is contained in a particular gamete

each gamete has an equal chance of possessing either member of a pair of homologous chromosomes

genes on nonhomologous or different chromosomes will be distributed randomly onto gametes

alternate states of genes

alleles that mask expression of other alleles but are themselves expressed

alleles whose expression is masked by dominant alleles

includes all the alleles present in a cell, whether they are dominant or recessive

physical appearance of the trait

when paired alleles are identical

a pair of different alleles

• 2 identical, dominant paired alleles AA
• 2 identical, recessive paired alleles aa

• aka Complete dominance
• 2 different alleles, 1 dominant one masking the recessive one
• Aa

• A kind of dominance occurring in heterozygotes in which the dominant allele is only partially expressed, and usually resulting in an offspring with an intermediate phenotype
• ex. a red (dominant) and white flower is crossed and produces pink offspring

• cross involving 1 trait
• Pp x Pp

• cross involving 2 traits
• RrSs x RrSs (R red S smooth)

• ratio of all possible genotypes of the offspring
• 1 PP : 2 Pp : 1 pp

• ratio of physical trait of offspring
• 3 purple : 1 white

• 2 alleles contribute to the phenotype of a heterozygote resulting in offspring with a phenotype that is neither dominant nor recessive
• For instance, a person having A allele and B allele will have a blood type AB because both the A and B alleles are codominant with each other.

study of how information in DNA is passed on largely based on inheritance

the first 22 chromosomes in a karyotype

• DNA samples are put into gel hooked up to electrical field
• current pulls DNA thru gel
• larger molecules move slower than smaller

produces haploid daughter nuclei and is sometimes called "reduction division"

two chromatids paired together

the pairing of homologous chromosomes

change of genetic material between chromatids & produces new genetic combinations

• prophase I
• metaphase I
• anaphase I
• telophase I
• prophase II
• metaphase II
• anaphase II
• telophase II

chromosomes of the same type join together to form bivalents and pass over some of their DNA (crossing over)

bivalents line up at the metaphase plate

bivalents separate and move away

nuclear membranes reform and the cleavage furrow forms

chromatids condense and spindle starts to form (in both cells)

chromatids line up on metaphase plate

chromatids separate and move toward poles

chromosomes decondense and nuclear membranes are reformed. the 2 cells are separated into 4 cells by the cleavage furrow

the interval between meiosis I and meiosis II

the formation of gametes

reproductive cells with haploid nuclei resulting from meiosis

fermentation and cellular respiration

process in which oxygen is not required (fermentation)

process in which oxygen is required (cellular respiration)

glucose is incompletely broken down and much energy remains in the organic molecule that results. a small amount of chemical energy is converted to ATP molecules

glucose is broken down completely into inorganic molecules. a large amount of chemical energy is converted to ATP molecules

• C₆H₁₂O₆ → 2 CO₂ + 2 C₂H₅OH + 2 ATP
• _{glucose                                     ethanol}

for lactic acid substitute ethanol for C₃H₆O₃

C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6 O₂ → 6 CO₂ + 6 H₂O + _36-38 ATP

• device for measuring the amount of gas given off and/or consumed
• creates anaerobic conditions

in the cytoplasm

in the mitochondrion

• oxygen gas
• carbon dioxide

the uptake of oxygen