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smichonjohnson
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What is a cell?
-Basic units of life
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How many cells are in a body?
Trillions
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What do cells provide?
Structure and energy
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What is a cells function?
Cells carry out specialized processes needed for organ function.
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What do cells carry?
DNA, genetic material
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What is responsible for cellular replication?
The cell.
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What are cells composed of?
membrane enclosed organelles
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What is the purpose of the plasma membrane?
Serves as a clear boundary between the cell's internal and external environments.
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What is unicellular?
The cell itself is an organism, existing as a single entity that reproduces to make more copies of itself.
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Where do cells live?
many different environments including within other organisms.
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What does a flagella do?
senses environment and moves cell
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Why is a cell membrane necessary?
- osmotic pressure
- protection from environmental stress
- compartmentalization of functions
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What are membrane protein functions?
- Gatekeepers
- connectors (to other cells)
- Communication (relay signals)
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What is the cell membrane made of?
Lipid bilayer
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What is the lipid bilayer made of?
Phospholipids
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What are the two parts of a phospholipid in a bilayer?
Hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tail
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What do transport proteins do?
allow for selective passage of specific molecules from the external environment
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True/False
Each transport protein is specific to a certain molecule.
True
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What does the genome do?
codes for all cellular structures
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What is information transfer?
Express information stored in genetic code
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Energy utilization
harness energy to build more complex components
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What is required for a cell?
plasma membrane, genome, information transfer, and energy utilization
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How many classes of nucleic acid are there?
two
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What is nucleic acid?
molecules that contain and help express a cell's genetic code.
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What are the functions of proteins in a cell?
catalytic and structural
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What are carbohydrates used for in a cell?
cell's energy demand, intracellular energy stores, and cell recognition
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What are lipids used for in a cell?
energy storage and other functions
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What is 70% of a cell?
water
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How are organelles separated?
partitioned off from the rest of the cell's interior by their own intracellular membrane
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What do organelles do?
contain highly technical equipment required for specific jobs within the cell.
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How are cells classified?
Packaging of genetic material.
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How is prokaryotic genetic material packaged?
Not separated from the cytoplasm.
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What are prokaryotes?
bacteria and archea
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How is eukaryotic DNA packaged?
in membrane bound nucleus (organelle).
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What is a protist?
A single celled eukaryote.
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How are bacteria divided?
Gram negative and gram positive
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What is gram negative?
Red- thin peptidoglycan wall does not retain violet dye
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What is gram positive?
Thick peptidoglycan wall retains violet dye.
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Why does gram negative not react?
It has a second membrane surrounding the cell wall.
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What is the largest compartment of a eukaryote?
nucleus
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What is used to transport molecules between nucleus and cytoplasm?
nuclear pores
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How are organelles enclosed?
Lipid bilayer similar to plasma membrane.
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What creates ATP?
Mitochondria
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What does lipid bilayer of organelles do?
separates organelle from cytosol
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What organelles are present in eukaryotic cells?
- Mitochondria
- Chloroplasts
- Golgi Apparatus
- Endoplasmic Reticulum
- Nucleus
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What is cytosol?
Aqueous environment of the cytoplasm.
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What is the cytosol's major function?
Synthesize proteins for its own use and for the import into the organelles.
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What is the ER?
series of folded membrane sheets contiguous with the outer membrane of the nuclear envelope.
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What does ER do?
Required for folding of proteins and assembling multi-subunit oligomers.
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What can cause misfolded proteins in the ER?
extracellular signals or genetics.
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What does ER stress cause?
UPR- Unfolded Protein Response- cell protective and cell death response.
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Why is ER stress response important for human health?
Prevents accumulation of misfolded proteins which can cause disease.
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What does the golgi apparatus do?
Involved in packaging molecules for export from the cell.
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What makes up the secretory pathway?
Golgi apparatus and the trans-Goldi network.
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What is the golgi apparatus?
A series of "stacks" of flat disks each surrounded by membrane.
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What happens to a secretory vesicle once it leaves the trans-Golgi compartment?
It fuses with the plasma membrane.
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