BIO ANTH EXAM 2

What 4 fields use osteology?

What are the functions of bone? (4)

Bones - Explain biomechanics

Name the three types of joints

Ball and socket, hinge, and saddle shaped are all examples of which type of joint?

What type of joint is found between growth centers?

What type of joints can be found I cranial structures?

What is Wolff's Law of Bone Remodeling?

What are osteoblasts?

What are osteoclasts?

What part of the long bone is the epiphyses?

What part of a long bone is the diaphysis?

What part of the long bone is the metaphysis?

Name the 3 parts of a long bone

Limbs, hands, feet are all examples of what bone shape?

Cranium, shoulders, pelvis and rib cage are all examples of what bone shape?

Ankle, wrist, spine are all examples of what bone shape?

What two parts make up the outer surface of the bone?

Name the bone type:
solid/dense
walls of bone shafts
external bone surface

Name the bone type:

Porous, light-weight
Vertebral bodies
Ends of long bones
Inside flat bores
Red narrow

What protein makes up 90% of the bone structure?

What is the mineral component that gives bones strength?

What organic compound that is made of protein gives bones their flexibility?

What characterizes mature bones?

Name 4 times when bones repair

Give 2 examples of degenerative changes in bones

Give two examples of growth disturbances

Give an example of a joint disease that is affected by age, sex, size, hormones, stress and genetics and is characterized by limping spur formation on the bone and eburnation.

What type of trauma happens when bone flexibility fails

Healing time depends on

Name: "set of bones encircling the brain and making up the skull, exclusive of the jaw

Name: "opening on the bottom of the skull through which the spinal cord passes"

Name: "one quarter of the full complement of teeth, counted from the centerline of the mouth back towards the throat"

Name: "bony protection for the spinal cord consisting of vertebrae"

Name: "two sets of three bones each that are fused to the sacrum and make up the pelvic girdle"

Name: "a major component of blood, functioning primarily to transport oxygen"

Name: "a major component of blood, functioning primarily as part of the immune system"

Name 3 types of Idiosyncratic (individual) skeletal variations

Idiosyncratic variation is the same thing as saying _______ variation

What is Trephination?

Osteomyelitis

Tuberculosis

Syphilis

Dental cones (cavities)

Periodontal disease

Anemia

Rickets

Name two simple ways to measure traits in humans

Name 4 complex ways to measure traits in humans

What is the biological concept of race?

Human DNA is betweend 0.__ -0.__ Fst

What are the two most varied races?

Give two examples of "the nature of continual variations"

Race is not a biologically constructed notion, but rather a _____ constructed notion that arises from our history, demography, and sociopolitical circumstances

Name: "the main pigment in human skin, occurring in two forms: black and brown"

Name: " cells that produce melanin"

What is "cormic index"?

What is intermembral index?

Name: "part of the human immune system that helps signal the presence of foreign substances in the body"

Name: " statistical measurement of the fraction of variation found between samples"

Name: "a situation in which selection favors a heterozygotic state for a given locus and thus maintains both the recessive and the dominant alleles in a population, even if one or both are deleterious in the homozygous state"

Name: " a population or group of populations within a species that has measurable, defining biological characteristics and a Fst of at least 0.25 relative to other populations in the species"

Name: " a population that meets the criteria defined within the scientific concept of race"

Name: " Set of cultural or ethnic factors combined with easily perceived morphological traits (such as skin reflectance, body shape, cranial structure) in an artificial "biologized" category"

Name: " the measuring and study of cranial morphology"

Name: " a distribution wherein biological traits vary in a specific pattern across geography"

Give an example of a clinal trait

Name: "study of genetics with the notion of improving human biology and biological potential; often associated with erroneous and/or simplistic assumptions about the relationship of behavior or cultural traits with simple genetic systems"

Name 3 main types of adaptation

Name 3 physiological adaptations

what is acclimation

what is acclimatization

What is developmental acclimatization?

What is homeostasis?

what is cephalic index

what is nasal index

Humans vary more than most similar-sized mammals in size and body shape but less in ____ patterns

Human variation in skin color is due to differential density of _____ in the epidermal layers.

More ____ production leads to darker skin

Allen's and Bergmann's rules demonstrate the mammalian-wide patterns of what

Human males and females have about a __%-__% difference in body size as well as specific morphological differences in skeletal and muscle morphology

Nearly __% of cranial variation is found within populations and only about __% is found between populations

____ may end up playing an important role in future human evolution

Blood group allele frequencies vary across human populations due to both ____ _____ and ____ _____

The overall genetic Fst for our species is approximately 0.__, well below the level for subspecies distinction

Comparing differences in socially constructed race categories cannot involve biological comparisons or causes only ______ ones

Name 3 specific aspects of US history that contributed to the use of racial categories

What is a pathogen?

Name: "Created by the United Nations combining economic, life expectancy, education and standard of living variables" abbreviation: HDI

Name: "when humans alter sequences of DNA via technological means in order to repair or alter the function of the given sequence of DNA"

What are the five main approaches to the study of human behavioral evolution?

Human technological genomic modification may have the effect of (accelerating/decelerating) allele frequency change in some human populations

Biological anthropology and the themes of the scientific method, collaborative investigation, and critical thinking are core to understanding _____

What kind of body shape/size do cold climate populations have?

What kind of body shape/size do hot climate populations have?

Rounded, square heads lose heat slowly and therefore are at an advantage for people in ____ climates

Narrow heads lose heat more quickly and are therefore an advantage for people in ____ climates

Populations in ___ climates tend to have narrow noses

Populations in ___ climates tend to have wide noses

Brain size is closely correlated with _____

There is a __-__% difference in cranial capacities in males and females

Give some examples of different types of stresses

Name an adaptation of people who live in higher altitudes

Name a few examples of cultural adaptations

Anthropometrics is what?

Type of growth that is achieved by laying down new layers
ex - bones

Type of growth that occurs when cell proliferate from many centers
ex- muscle tissue

Growth is the increase in _____

Development is the increase in _____ _____

Name the seven stages of growth

What do velocity curves show?

The ______ hormones control testosterone and estrogen

Artificial deformation of the cranium was a form of

____ ______ is the ability of an organism to change its phenotype in response to changes in the environment

What are our basic nutritional needs?

The kind of diet of foragers ate is known these days as the "_____ diet"

Adaptation to ultraviolet light is part of the evolution of what?

Name the 4 steps to the evolutionary approach to variation

Name a few benefits of agriculture

Name a few costs of agriculture

Vasoconstriction is

Vasodilation is the

Name: " the flow of blood to the extremities after exposure to cold"
ex- shivering

____ _____ _____ defines the stages of gestation, infancy, childhood, adolescence, and adulthood and seeks to explain the differences in the timing of development, fertility, and death of living organisms.

increase in sedentism, Population growth, plant and animal domestication are all characteristics of the transition to ______

What are two biological impacts of agriculture?

Population growth occurs when...?

What are 3 factors of population growth?

What was the average life expectancy for foragers?

In agricultural societies, infant survival rate increases because they can start _____ earlier because they have a more stable food supply

What is the difference between epidemic and endemic disease patterns?

What are two common diseases found in forging societies

give a few characteristics and an example of parasites

give an an example of zoonoses

Non infectious diseases (cancer, cartiovascular disease) are rarely found in what type of societies and why?

Epidemic patterns of infectious diseases can be found in what type of societies and why?

Livestock proximity, fertilizer types, landscape modification, and irrigation are all impacts of _______ practices and are some examples major contributors for the spread of disease

Give an example of how food storage can bring disease.

give a few examples of "diseases of civilization"

Ebola, HIV, SARS, Hantavirus are examples of ____ diseases

Tuberculosis, Whooping cough, Diptheria, Malaria are all examples of ______ diseases

Give a few examples of human-made environmental changes