Patho exam 1

better energy

metabolic pathway that uses energy released by the oxidation of nutrients to produce ATP

Terminal process of cellular respiration

measurement of H+ concentration

low [ ] of SOLUTES to high [ ]

muscle loss

increase muscle

increased cell production

mature differentiated cell transforming into another differentiated cell.

Can be reversable

mature cell transformation that is irreversable

impairs cell function but does not cause cell death

cellular swelling and fatty change

impairment of the energy dependent Na/K ATPase membrane pump

linked to intracellular accumulation of fat

Tissue death from deprivation of arterial blood and therefore deprivation of O2

aerobic= metabolism stops and less ATP is made. NA/K pumps can't work fast enough and cells swell with H2O

Anaerobic= is used and therefore Lactic acid is produced with damages cells.

O2

anaerobic glycolysis and calcium deposits

programmed cell death

unregulated cell death caused by injury, swelling, rupture, inflammation, etc.

lack of arterial blood supply but venous supply can carry fluid away from tissue.

will dry out and fall off

lack of venous flow lets fluid accumulate in the tissue.

gross, stinky, and needs surgical amputation.

C-diff infection produces toxins and H2S bubbles. Needs amputated immediatly

each set of 3 specific amino acids (DNA/genes)

NO, mRNA leaves

Uracil

Introns are the "fake/extra" RNA sections that are chopped off before leaving the nucleus

Exons are the actual genes left after leaving the nucleus

exact replication of parent cell (liver cell into another liver cell)

• DNA sequences at the ends of the chromosomes.
• Like a string that is used up little by little

chromosomes duplicate

production of two exact same daughter cells containing 1/2 of original cell

when chromosome pairs line up during meiosis, they can exchange ends

each of the four resulting gametes will have a different combination of genes

Two genes that are close together on the chromosome are called "linked"

linked genes are rarely separated by crossing-over and therefore are usually inherited together

all of your copies of a gene are alike

all of your gene copies differ

you are heterozygous for a recessive trait but do not show it

you have only one copy of a gene

many genes could effect one trait

both multiple genes and the environment could effect one trait

one gene could mask the effect of another

one gene might depend on another

2 genes together might create a new phenotype

connective tissue disorder (spider hands disease)

• Marfan
• Brugada syndrome

unexpected sudden death

• PKU (phenylketonuria)
• Tays-sachs

lack of enzyme that converts phenylalanine into tyrosine, causing mental retardation

Lysosomal storage disorder causing death by age 4

Both the male and female must be carriers**

Fragile x

Hemophilia

• "New Growth"
• growth is random and continuous
• they proliferate to form new tissue

One daughter retains the stem cell characteristics

The other becomes a progenitor cell that proceeds through differentiation. This one has *self renewal and potency*

Unipotent

Oligopotent

Pluripotent

give rise to ONE type of differentiated cell

produce small number of cells

produce numerous cell types

Normal cells that become Cancer causing agents if they mutate

Become "Oncogenes"

Name of mutated Proto-oncogenes

Provide checkpoints

growth suppressing genes that inhibit proliferation of cells in a tumor

Any cell can mutate

when differentiated cells mutate

Do not steal surrounding blood supply, but can harm organs by pressing on them

when undifferentiated cell mutate, dividing rapidly

Steal surrounding blood supply

B= tissue name + "oma"

• M= tissue name + "carcinoma" (epithelial)
•   = tissue name + "sarcoma" (mesenchymal)

benign tumor of gland

malignant tumor of epithelial gland tissue

benign tumor of bone tissue

benign microscopic or macroscopic finger-like projection growing on a surface

Cells in a PRIMARY tumor develop ability to puncture hole into and out of blood vessel to move to another location.

Secondary tumor cells are NOT the same as primary cells.

maintain stability through change

• 1. Alarm
• 2. Resistance/Adaption
• 3. Fatigue/Exhaustion

"stress hormone"

• regulates stress response.
• increase glucose.
• fight or flight

vasopressin, and it causes vasoconstriction

helps control BP during activation of the sympathetic (flight/flight) response

also stimulates thirst

breaks things down (proteins maybe?)

• elevated BP and heart rate
• increase respiration
• pupil dilation
• decreased urine, appetite, and GI motility

Decrease immune cell production

Decrease thymus activity

Changing the kind of immune cells produced

organs

In PTS, cortisol levels are DECREASED

Skin temp

core body temp

hypothalamus

surface temp

relatively unreliable

reflects balance between heat gain and loss

measured with rectal thermometer

thermal control center

receives info from central and peripheral receptors and compares them to a set temp point

pyrogenic compounds

Increased temp without change in the set point of the hypothalamus

The set point of the hypothalamus raises (changes) in a FEVER but not hyperhermia

The temp point is not set high enough

Body temp is <35° C

Signs and symptoms are hard to ID in young and old people

uncontrolled skeletal muscle contractions

• All the blood cells and their precursors
• Bone Marrow
• Lymphoid tissue

Plasma has clotting factors

BEN

• Basophils
• Eosinophils
• Neutrophils

Heparin and Histamines

allergy and parasitic infections

Primary pathogen fighting cells

1st to rise in number during infection

immature neutrophil

manufactured by the kidneys

stimulates RBC production

platelet production

WBC production

plays important role in nutrition and waste transport and immunity

keeping blood in the blood stream

Vit. K

Vessel spasm*****

It prevents the release of thromboxane A2, NOT make platelets sticky (I think she meant slippery...)

Every step EXCEPT 1 and 2

interfere with prothrombin --> thrombin reaction

interfere with prothrombin --> thrombin AND fibrin --> fibrinogen reaction

No, only preventives 

Factor XII

tissue damage

Vascular defect does NOT necessarily mean abnormal lab values

decrease in platelet levels

• 1. decreased blood oxygen
• 2. Kidney secretes erythopoietin
• 3. bone marrow stimulated
• 4. RBC production

Spleen

cell to liquid ratio

Increase = dehydration, b/c higher [ ] than liquid volume

Decrease= overhydration

RBC size

micro or macroscopic

immature RBC

Conjugated in the liver.

Unconj. can be toxic

• red plasma
• dark urine

deficiency of the number of RBC's and amount of Hgb present

most common blood disease in infant and youth

• 1. Iron-deficiency
• 2. Megaloblastic= Vitamin B12 deficiency
• 3. Aplastic= bone marrow depression, fewer and smaller RBC's, plateles, and WBC's (all myeloid cells)
• 4. Chronic disease anemias

Pernicious anemia

Common in Mediterranean areas

Causes hemopoietic bone enlargement and easy fractures

leukemias

lymphomas

decreased WBC

decreased neutrophils

inappropriate bleeding and over production of abnormal monocytes and granulocytes

overproduction of abnormal immune cells, spleen and lymphoid tissue inflitration

Night Sweats***

A= sudden onset, stormy signs and symptoms, depression. Difficult to treat

C= seen in old people who have lived with and adapted to it

• fever
• fatigue
• pain
• swelling
• Increased heart rate, BP, and liver size

Hodgkins and NON-Hodgkins

H= **Reed-Sternberg cells present

NH= No RS Cells. More diverse

cancer of Plasma cells