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natural selection
the mechanism that brings about adaptation to the environment as evolution occurs
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3 factors that describe natural selection
- 1. the members of a population have heritable variations (phenotypic traits) that can be passed from one generation to the next
- 2. there is a competition for resources and members of the population with traits that allow them to better capture resources will reproduce to a greater extent than those that lack these traits
- 3. across generations, a larger proportion will have these adaptive traits. in this way, the environment has selected how the genotype and phenotype makeup of the population will change over time
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agents of evolutionary change
- 1. natural selection
- 2. genetic drift
- 3. mutation
- 4. gene flow
- 5. non-random mating
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hardy-Weinberg law
- gives a way to know when evolution has occurred
- states that normally, allele frequencies in the gene pool of a population stay the same from generation to generation
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4 conditions of hardy-weinberg
- random mating
- no gene flow
- no natural selection
- infinitely large gene pool
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genetic drift
- changes in allelic frequencies of a gene that are due solely to chance
- ex. a natural disaster such as a flood or fire, or hunting by humans, may eliminate many individuals from a population so that the few remaining reproduced more than they normally would have.
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bottleneck effect
occurs when a majority of genotypes are prevented from participating in the production of the next generation due to extreme natural or human interference
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founder effect
a small population is more apt to undergo genetic drift- high allele frequency changes by chance
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