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What are some applications of phylogenetic trees?
Estimate the origin of a trait and how it evolved, see the relationships among organisms, see where and how many times traits have evolved independently.
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How can phylogenies have implications for animal conservation? What is an example?
The clouded leopard. It had been thought to be a single species until phylogenetic analyses said otherwise, now, there are separate conservation status for the species.
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What are zoonotic diseases?
They are transmitted from animal to human; a major source of new infectious disease.
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How can phylogenetic analyses help with zoonotic diseases?
They can help determine when, where, and how a disease first entered a human population; it can also help track the spread of disease within the human population.
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Where did HIV come from?
HIV is part of a family of immunodeficiency viruses that infect old world primates
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How can we know when HIV entered the human population?
We can use a molecular clock.
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What is a molecular clock?
It uses the average rate at which a given gene or protein accumulates changes so we can gauge the time of divergence
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How can a molecular clock be calibrated?
Using independent data; known twimes of divergence, the fossil record, or biogeographical dates.
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What is the molecular clock calibration?
- 1% change in DNA sequence = 1 million years.
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