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maria_mm_10
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Which of the top causes of death has a genetic component?
All can have a genetic component
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What is a neoplasm/neoplasia?
a tumor
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Where is a tumor most likely to occur?
in tissues with higher turn over
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What is the hallmark of tumors?
- increased rate of cell division or mitosis
- uncontrolled growth
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In tissues what is disregarded?
the amount of times a cell can divide
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What are the 2 types of neoplasms?
- Benign: doesn't metastasize
- Malignant: does metastasize
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Bengin tumors
- regular pattern, even borders, encapsulated
- resembles tissue of origin (well differentiated)
- goes to distant sites
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Malignant tumors
- irregular patterns no capsule
- non-differeniated
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How do we grade tumors?
- TNM in stages of 0-4
- tumor, nodes, malignancy
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What is clonal condition
it only takes one damaged cell
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What is hyperplasia?
more cells than normal
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Where do benign/malignant tumor grow?
- grow locally and in place
- enter blood vessels and go to places (invades)
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how do tumors get to a new location?
- invade surr tissues/blod vessels
- cells transported by circ system
- cells reinvade and grow at new location
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How does cancer occur?
oncogene activation and tumor supressor gene inactivation
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How many mutations lead to cancer?
- mant somatic mutations
- only takes 3 mutations
- mutations in at least 2 genes
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What is oncogenesis?
two events
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What is a oncogene?
mutant of normal gene (pro to-oncogene( that codes for normal growth
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Tumor Supressor Gene inactivation
tumor suppressor gene--> regulates cell cycle= bad
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What are unique about oncogenes
- are in embryo (inactive) everyone has them
- they are normal genes though
- =uncontrolled cell division
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What has to happen for cancer to happen?
- 1)mutation of the proto-oncogene = activates oncogenes =increase rate of cell division
- 2) have to inactivate tumor suppressor gene
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What is a proto-oncogene?
- controls cell division
- when activated=uncontrolled cell division
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Why is proto-onco gene not a good name?
- there is not just one but many and not just on one chromo but on many
- turn off and stay turned off but DNA replication it can stay on
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What is a tumor suppressor gene
- regulates cell cycle
- "brake pedal"
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What do TSG do?
- keep us healthy
- monitor cells
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What are the 2 types of TSG?
- Gate keeper genes: proteins that control cell cycle
- Caretaker genes: proteins that protect DNA
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What 4 things do proto-oncogenes do?
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What things do TSG do in Caretaker genes?
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Proto-onco =1 allele
TSG= needs both alleles need to be mutated **
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What is an example of a TSG
- caretaker gene p53 (nuclear phosphoprotein)
- stops cell cycle in G1 when DNA damaged
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What happens if the DNA is not repaired?
dies- apoptosis
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How many cells are believed to be due to p53 inactivation?
50%
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How is p53 inactivated?
missense mutation = cell suicide
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What genes causes cell suicide?
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What percent are familial cancers?
less than 5% can be passed on
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What factors do familial cancers have?
- early onset
- bilateral invol/mulifocal tumors (both lungs/breast)
- two rare tumors
- 2+ relatives with same tumor
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What is the most common type of cancer in women?
- breast cancer
- founder effect W/E countries
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What is the ratio of breast cancer?
1 in 20 familial
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What is BRCA?
- Breast cancer mutations
- tumor suppressor gene mutations
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What is the frequency of breast cancer?
1:250 women
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Where is BRCA 1 located?
- 17q21
- lifetime cancer risk
- BC-60-80%
- ovarian-20-40%
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Where is the BRCA 2 located?
- breast cancer 60-85%
- ovarian cancer 10-20%
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