The flashcards below were created by user
p.reilly1227
on FreezingBlue Flashcards.
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- author "me"
- fileName "Eukarea"
- tags "Biology, Euk, "
- description ""
- Def necleolus
- Region within the nucleus where rRNA is transcribed and Ribosomes assemble
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Def endocytosis, and types
- Endocytosis: 1 method for cellular uptake of extracellular material
- 1. Phagocytosis: eating, typically receptor mediated, few cells have capability
- 2. Pinocytosis: drinking, more common, non-selective/specific uptake
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Def exocytosis
Exocytosis: opposite of endocytosis
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Describe the ER structure, location, and functions
- Structure: membrane bound organelle that is contiguous in regions with nuclear and cellular membrane
- Location: rough ER close to nucleus, SER is distal to the nucleus
- Fxn: RER to make all proteins which do not act in cytosol; SER make lipids, cholesterol, and steroids, minor detox
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Describe Golgi apparatus
Golgi: membrane bound organelle which functions in organising and shipping protein received from rough ER
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What is a lysosome
Intracellular vessicle which contains low pH and hydrolitic enzymes for macromolecular degradation. Used for both extra a and intracellular molecular degradation
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What is a peroxisome
- It is a cytosolic vessicle
- Can self replicate
- Involved in production and degradation of hydrogen peroxide
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Def cytoskeleton
Network of filaments involved in cellular structure and motility
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What are the two main components of the cytoskeleton
- Microtubules - rigid, hollow tubes made of aloha and beta tubulin
- Microfilaments - single filaments composed of actin
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Describe a microtubule structure and some functions
- Individual filaments are composed of beta and alpha tubulin. 13 filaments align along side one another and form a tube.
- Fxn: in flagella and cilia, in mitotic spindle
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Describe microfilament structure and some functions
- Filament composed of action
- Fxn: squeeze membrane during phagocytosis and cytokinesis, provide contractile force in muscle contraction.
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Describe an axoneme and function
Axoneme: structure in cilia and flagella composed if 9 pairs of microtubules surrounding 2 individual microtubules in the center. Outer pairs of microtubules are connected with dynein protein. 9+2 arrangement (20 microtubules total)
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Def centrosome
Major MTOC in which the negative end of the microtubel begins and the positive end grows outward from during mieosis/mitosis
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Name three types of cell junctions and describe them
- 1. Tight Junction - water tight seal forming a barrier between cells (not the strongest junction)
- 2. Desmosome - like spot welds between cells, hold them together, but no barrier
- 3. Gap - tiny tunnels to allow ions and small molecules to move between cells
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Define the apical and basolateral surface of cells
- Apical: surface facing lumen side of a cavity
- Basolateral: surface facing the base, or opposite of apical
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Describe a mitochondria and how they are special
- Role is to AcT as power house for cell - location of Krebs cycle
- Has own circular DNA coding for own RNA and ribosomes, self replicating
- No histones or nucleosomes
- Maternally passed
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Describe the structure of a mitochondria
- 2 phospholipid bilayers
- Inner membrane forms cristae and is the location for electron transport chain
- Space between outer membrane and inner membrane is called inter membrane space
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Describe the role of the ECM and location/derivation
- To provide structural support, determine shape and motility, and affect cell growth.
- Surrounds cells
- Created by cell itself or fibroblasts
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What are the three types of intercellular signalling molecules and what system of signalling does each belong to
- 1. Neurotransmitter - nervous system
- 2. Local mediator - paracrine system
- 3. Hormone - endocrine system
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Compare neuronal communication to hormonal
- Neuronal - fast, specific/direct, and short distance
- Hormonal - slow, indirect/specific, long distance
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Def interstitial fluid
Fluid between cells
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What are the components of the nervous system, and what is its job
- Brain, spinal cord, nerves, glia, special sense organs
- Fxn: allow rapid communication across the body for muscle and glandular activation/inactivation
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Def neuron and unique qualities
- Cell specialized in communication via electricity and chemicals
- Do not divide
- All energy from glucose
- Do not need insulin for glucose uptake
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Define axon hillock
Structure at the base of axon which hold the threshold limit
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What is the path of a signal through a neuron
Signal - dendrite - axon hillock - axon terminal/ synapse
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Define resting potential and how it is made
- Electrical gradient across the inside and outside of a cell membrane
- Sodium potassium pump, pumps out 3 sodium and 2 potassium in at a rate equivalent to spontaneous diffusion to maintain an equilibrium and potential
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What are voltage gated channels work. How do they work
- Integral membrane proteins which change confirmation in response to voltage flux and allow ions into the cell
- Positive feedback/cascade
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Define depolarization
Polarity reversal when voltage gated sodium channels open
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How are VG potassium channels different VG Na channels
- Have a higher threshold for opening
- Open later than na channels and in response to depolarization
- Cause repolarization
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Describe the steps of an action potential
- 1. Membrane at creating potential, sodium and potassium VGC are closed
- 2. Sodium Chanel opens - depolarization
- 3. Potassium channels open as sodium channels close
- 4. Sodium channels close and open potassium channels cause repolarization and hyperpolarization
- 5. Potassium channels close and membrane equillibrates through sodium potassium pump and passive diffussion
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Define syanpse,give two types and list differences
- Synapse: neuronal structure which propagates nerve impulses from one neuron to the next
- Electrical - uncommon, bidirectional, fast
- Chemical - common, unidirectional, slower, helps prevent fatigue
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How do synapses and neurotransmitters work together
- 1. Over 50 different NT
- 2. 1 NT per synapse - will typically excite or inhibit
- 3. A single synapse cannot change between excitory and inhibitory
- 4. Some NT can excite or inhibit based on post synaptic receptor ie. Acetylcholine excites in smooth muscle, but inhibits in cardiac
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What kind of receptors do NT bind
- Ion channels
- Secondary messengera
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White vs grey matter
White matter has myelin
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Define saltatory conduction
Electrical signal jumping between nodes of ranvier as it propagates through an axon
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What are the 3 possible functions of a neuron
- 1. Sensory ( afferent) - receive and transmit signals
- 2. Interneuron - transfer signals between neurons (most common)
- 3. Motor (efferent) - carry a signals to effectors (glands or muscle)
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Describe CNS components and overall fxn
- Brain and spinal cord
- Fxn: integrate signals between sensory and motor
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List components of the peripheral nervous system, fnx, and common neurotransmitter
- Somatic - voluntary, external stimulus, skeletal muscle only (acetylcholine)
- Autonomic systems - involuntary (hypothalamus), internal stimulus, 2 parts
- sympathetic - fight/flight (epinephrine/norepinephrine)
- parasympathetic - rest/digest (acetylcholine)
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List the structures of the 2 main structures of the CNS, their constituent structures and overall fxn of each main structure
- Lower brain: medulla, hypothalamus, thalamus, and cerebellum - unconscious stuff, pain and pleasure, neccessary for life
- Higher brain: cerbrum/cerebral cortex - stores memory and processes thoughts
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What function do sensory receptors provide?
Transduction of physical stimuli to electoral signal
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List the structure as light travels through in the eye
Cornea - anterior cavity - lense (which is tensioned by the ciliary muscles) - vitreous humor - Retina - rods and cones (cones = color)
Iris: colored portion which gives shape to pupil
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Name the three regions of the ear and structure that seperates them
Outer ear - tympanal membrane - middle ear - 3 bones ( maleus, incus, stapes) - inner ear -cochlea - organ of corti - hair cells
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Where are semicircular canals located and what is their function
Inner ear, function in balance and spacial orientation
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