-
increases surface area for absorbtive cells
Microvilli
-
How do Cilia Move?
sequential power strokes followed by recovery strokes
-
Where are Cilia found?
respiratory and reproductive tracts
-
What do Cilia do?
- Sensory cells
- some are involved in vision, smell, hearing, and balance
-
surrounds the nucleus with 2 unit membranes
Nuclear envelope
-
has membrane with pores which allow movement of selected products such as mRNA out of the nucleus
nuclear envelope
-
in the nucleoplasm, fine thread like matter that contains DNA, when not condensed
Chromatin
-
largest organelle
Nucleus
-
small dark area in the nucleus
nucleolus
-
Makes ribosomal RNA
Nucleolus
-
function in protein synthesis and production of cell membranes
site of production of phospholipids and proteins of the plasma membrane
Rough ER
-
Produce Hormones
release calcium for contraction
Detoxifies alcohol
function in lipid synthesis
calcium storage
smooth ER
-
list the two membranes in the mitochondrion
-
located in the inner membrane of the mitochondrion, has folds which project like shelves across the organelle
cristae
-
found in the mitochondrion-, space between cristae and contains ribosomes and small, circular DNA,
Matrix
-
Energy is extracted from organic compounds and transferred to ATP here
Mitochondrion
-
interpret the genetic code and synthesize polypeptides that are made into protieins
ribosomes
-
Where are Ribosomes located?
small dark granules of protein and RNA free in cytosol
Rough ER
-
synthesizes carbohydrates, processes proteins from RER and packages them in to Golgi vesicles
Golgi Complex
-
3 types of secretory vesicles released by the Golgi
- Lysosomes
- Transport vessicles
- Secretory vesicles
-
store a cell product
Secretory vessicles
-
1. Intracellular Digestion
2. Autophagy
3. Glucose mobilization
Lysosomes
-
steps to a Secretion of a protein
- 1. Protein formed by ribosomes on the Rough ER
- 2. Protein packaged into transport Vessicle, which bud from ER
- 3. Transport vessicles fuse in to clusters that unload protein in to Golgi complex
- 4.Golgi complex modifies protein structure
- 5. Golgi vessicles containing finished protein formed
- 6.secretory vessicles release protein by exocytosis
-
carry membrane proteins that fuse with plasma membrane
Transport Vessicles
-
how are lysosomes made?
bud off of the cisternae of the ER
-
hydrolyze proteins, nucleic acids, complex carbohydrates, phosopholipids, and other substrates
intracellular digestion
-
the digestion of worn our organelles and mitochondrion
autophagy
-
programmed cell death
autolysis
-
lysosomes in liver cells break down glycogen
gluclose mobilization
-
oxidize organic molecules using oxygen-
break down fatty acids into acetyl groups-
neutralize free radicals-
detoxify alcohol, drugs and toxins
peroxisomes
-
inner membrane of the mithochondrion
cristae
-
outer membrane of the mitochondrion
matrix
-
organelles specialized for synthesizing ATP
Mitochondria
-
short cyclindrical assemble of microtubules, arranged in nine groups of three microtubules each
centrioles
-
form mitotic spindle during cell division
centrioles
-
-gives the cytoplasm strength and flexibility-
-network of protein filaments and cylinders-
-connects to transmembrane proteins in plasma membrane-
cytoskeleton
-
3 components that make up the cytoskeleton
- Microfilaments
- intermediate fibers
- microtubules
-
made of keratin in epidermal cells
intermediate fibers
-
made of protein actin, form network on cytoplasmic side of plasma membrane
microfilaments
-
supports phospholipids of plasma membrane, supports microvilli and produces cell movement, and myosin causes muscle contraction
microfiaments
-
stabilize the positions of organelles
intermediate fibers
-
form tracks to guide organelles and molecules to specific destinations in a cell
microtublues
-
allows passage of some things between cytoplasm and ECF but not others
plasma membrane--this is selective permeability
-
transport that requires no ATP-
Passive Transport
-
transport that requires ATP
Active Transport
-
Types of transport in passive transport
- filtration
- facilitated diffusion
- simple diffusion
- osmosis
-
types of transport in active transport
- facilitated diffusion and active transport-
- bulk transport-
-
movement of particles across selectively permeable membrane, down concentration gradient
passive transport
-
transports particles up or against a concentration gradient
active transport
-
movement of particles through a selectively permeable membrane by hydrostatic pressure
fitration
-
the force exerted on the membrane by water
hydrostatic pressure
-
movement of particles as a result of their constant random motion
simple diffusion
-
movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration
net diffusion
-
movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane that separates soluted of varying concentrations
osmosis
-
transport of particles through a selectively permeable membrane, down their concentration gradient, by a carrier that does not directly consume ATP
facillitated diffusion
-
name the 5 factors of diffusion rate
- -temperature
- -molecular weight
- -steepness of concentration gradient
- -membrane surface area
- -membrane permeabillity
-
ability of a solution to affect fluid volume and pressure within a cell
tonicity
-
has low concetration of nonpermeating solutes ( high water concentration)
hypotonic solution
-
cells in this solution would absorb water, swell and may burst
hypotonic
-
has high concentration of nonpermeating solutes ( low water concentration)
hypertonic solution
-
cells in this solution would lose water+shrivel
hypertonic solution
-
soulution=cells (even)
isotonic solution
-
a solution that has concentration of 0.9%
isotonic saline
-
two types of carrier mediated transport are
facilitated diffusion and active transport
-
what are the limits of carrier mediated transport
and explain them
- specificity- carrier can only carry certain things
- saturation- as the solute concentration rises its rate of transport increases, when every carrier is occupied adding more solute wont make process go by faster
- Transport maximum-
- the rate when the carrier are saturated and no more are available to handle the increased demand
-
difference in chemical concentration from one point to another, as on two sides of a plama membrane
concentration gradient
-
Funtion-
regulation of cell volume
heat production
maintenance of a membrane potential
secondary active transport
sodium potassium pump
-
vessicular transport of particles in to a cell
endocytosis
-
process of discharging material from a cell
exocytosis
-
process of engulfing particles such as bacteria, dust, and cellular debri
phagocytosis
-
process of taking in droplets of ECF containgin molecules of some use to the cell
pinocytosis
-
transport of material across a cell
transcytosis
-
it enables a cell to take in specific molecules from the ECF with minimum of unnecassary matter
receptor-mediated endocytosis
-
processes by contrast, move large droplets of fluid, or numerous molecules at once through the membrane
vesicular transport
-
7 steps of phagocytosis
- 1. a phagocytic cell encounters a particle of foreign matter
- 2. the cell surrounds the paritcle with its pseudopods
- 3. the particle is phagocytized and contained in a phagosome
- 4. the phgosome fuses with a lysosome and becomes a phgolysosome
- 5. enzymes from the lysosomes digest the foeighn matter
- 6. the phagolysosome fuses with the plasma membrane
- 7. the indigestible residue is voided by exocytosis
-
3 steps for receptor mediated endocytosis
- 1. extra cellular molecules bind to receptors on plasma membrane:receptors cluster together
- 2. plasma membrane sinks inward forms clathrin-coated pit
- 3. pit separates from plasma membrane, forms clathrin coated vesicle containing concentrated molecules from ECF
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