-
How is the study of living material dependent on the study of chemistry?
- our human bodies are composed of chemicals.
- Chemical direct all physiologic processes and events within the body
-
has mass and takes up space
matter
-
simplest form of matter
element
-
substance broken down into its simplest form, yet retains its unique chemical properites
element
-
elements are called
atoms
-
chemical paritcles composed of two or more atoms united by a chemical bond
molecules
-
molecules composed of two or more elements
compound
-
explain atomic structure
- An atom has nucleus:
- Protons and Neutrons are found in the Nucleus
- Electrons are found around the nucleus in electron shells or orbitals
-
how does the atomic structure relate to how atoms interact?
The valence electrons determine the chemnical bonding properties of an atom
-
elements that differ in the number of neutrons
isotopes
-
explain the effect of isotopes on mass numbers
extra neutron results in increased atomic mass
-
give an example of an isotope use in medicine
radiation
-
charged particles with an unequal number of protons and electrons
ions
-
substances that ionize in water and form solution capable of conducting electricity
electrolytes
-
electrons from one atom are attracted so stongly by another atom that they leave the fist atom and go to the second
ionic bond
-
the attraction of oppositely charged ions
ionic bond
-
weak attraction between a slightly positive hydrogen atom in one molecule and a slightly negative oxygen or nitrogen atom in another molecule
hydrogen bond
-
sharing of electron in the outer shell
covalent bond
-
sharing of electrons equally
non polar covalent bond
-
sharing of electrons unequally
polar covalent bond
-
when one pair of electrons are shared
single covalent bond
-
two pairs of electrons are shared
double covalent bond
-
consists of energy releasing decompositions reaction
catabolic reaction
-
consists of energy storing synthesis reactions
anabolic reaction
-
when a large molecule breaks down into two or more smaller ones
decomposistion reaction
-
when two or more small molecules combine to form a larger one
synthesis reaction
-
when two molecules exchange atoms or groups of atoms
exchange reactions
-
Two divisions of metabolism
-
all the chemical reactions of the body
metabolism
-
allows biochemical reactions to occur rapidly at normal body temperatures
enzymes
-
functions as a biological catalysts
enzymes
-
action of a enzyme 3 steps (Sucrase example)
- 1. A substrate molecule approaches a pocket on the enzyme surface called the active site.
- 2. the substrate binds to the ezyme, forming an enzyme-subtrate complex
- 3. Sucrase breaks the covalent bond between the two sugars of sucrose, leaving 2 monosaccharides glucose and fructose to be realeased by the enzyme as it reaction products
-
A particular type of coupled reaction that often occurs in the body
oxidation reduction reaction
-
Molecule gives up electron and releases energy
–accepting molecule is the oxidizing agent
oxidation reaction
-
–molecule
gains electrons and energy
–donating
molecule is the reducing agent
Reduction Reaction
-
–Electrons
are often transferred as hydrogen atoms
Oxidation Reduction reaction
-
one sub-unit of an antibody molecule, composed of four polypeptides
monomer
-
a molecule that consists of a long chain of identical or similar subunits such as protein, DNA or starch
polymer
-
condensation
dehydration synthesis reaction
-
how cells achieve polymerization
dehydration synthesis reaction
-
a hydrogen atom is removed from one monomer and a hydroxyl group is removed from another. these combine to form water as a by-product. the monmers become joined by a covalent bond to form a dimer
dehydration synthesis reaction
-
a covalent bond between two monomers is broken. water donates a hydrogen atom to one monomer and a hydroxyl group to the other
hydrolysis reaction
-
4 major groups of organic substances
- carbohydrates
- lipids
- proteins
- nucleic acids
-
-provide a source of energy to fuel cellular
-activitiesstored as reserve energy supplies
Carbohdrates
-
•Essential
to the structure and function of cell membrane and supplies many vital
functions in cells
lipids
-
•Includes
fatty
acids, triglycerides, phospholipids, eicosinoids, and steroids
lipids
-
•Composed
of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and maybe nitrogen and phosphorus
lipids
-
steroids that acid in fat digestion and nutrient absorption
bile acids
-
component of cell membranes; precursor of other steroids
cholesterol
-
chemical messengers between cells
eicosanoids
-
involved in a variety of function including blood clotting, wound healing, vision, and calcium absorption
fat soluble vitamins (a,D,E and K)
-
precursor of triglycerides; source of energy
fatty acids
-
major component of cell membranes; aid in fat digestion
phospholipids
-
chemical messengers between cells
steroid hormones
-
energy storage; thermal insulation; filling space; binding organ together; cushioning organs
triglycerides
-
•Structural
material
Communication
Some
hormones are proteins
Membrane
transport
form channels in the plasma membrane to allow substances in or out of the cell
Catalysts
control most chemical reactions in the
body
Recognition
and protection
Antibodies
Clotting
substances
•Movement
Cell
adhesion
bind cells to other cells
Protein
-
•proteins
that function as biological catalysts
enzymes
-
•Permit
reactions to occur rapidly at normal body temperature
enzymes
-
•Polymers
of nucleotides
nucleic acid
-
-
-Constitues our genes
-gives instructions of synthesizing all of the bodys protiens
-transfers hereditary information from cell to cell when cells divide
DNA( nucleic acid)
-
carry out instruction and sythesize the proteins-
-
RNA (nucleic acid)
-
-
3 important monosaccharides
- •Glucose,
- galactose,
- and
- fructose
-
-
sugar
molecule
composed of two monosaccharides
Disaccharide
-
•Three
important disaccharides
•Sucrose—table sugar
•Glucose
+ fructose
•Lactose—sugar in milk
•Glucose
+ galactose
•Maltose—grain products
•Glucose
+ glucose
-
•long
chains of monosaccharides
(at
least 50)
polysaccharide
-
short
chains of 3 or more monosaccharides
(at least 10)
Oligosaccharides
-
-
What are the Characteristics of lipids?
- •Insoluble
- (non-polar) in water
- •Soluble
- in organic solvents like ether, benzene, and chloroform
- •Composed
- of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and maybe nitrogen and phosphorus
-
fat that has as much hydrogen as it can carry no more can be added without exceeding four covalent bonds per carbon atom
saturated fat
-
fat that could potentialy share one pair of electron with another hydrogen atom instead of the adjacent carbon so hydrogen could be added to this molecule
unstaturated fat
-
3 components of a trglyceride molecule
-
palmitic acid
- stearic acid
- linoleic acid
-
•contains
only two fatty acid chains, phosphate group, and glycerol
phospholipid
-
•Lower
ratio of lipid to protein
•May
help to prevent cardiovascular disease
good cholesterol
-
How are amino acids different?
- the third functional group called radical.
- the radicals are different in every amino acid
-
How are amino acids different?
all amino acids have a cenral carbon atom with an amino and carboxyl group bounded to it.
-
unique,
three-dimensional shape of protein
crucial to function
•Conformation—
-
What happends to a protein when it denatures?
confromational change and it destroys function
-
Three types of RNA
- •Messenger
- RNA, ribosomal RNA, transfer RNA
-
What is the difference between DNA and RNA?
- DNA gives instruction for synthesizing proteins
- and RNA carries the instructions out
-
list the component of a nuleotide in DNA
-
components of RNA
ribose and uracil
|
|
