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How many amino acids are there?
twenty
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Glycine
- simplest amino acid
- not chiral
- no isomers
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Alanine
contains a methyl group
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Name the neutral nonpolar hydrophobic amino acids.
methionine, valine, proline, glycine, alanine, isoleucine, leucine
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Which two amino acids contain sulfur?
methionine and cysteine
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Reversible interactions are __________ so that they may be easily broken.
noncovalent
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Cysteine contains a sulfhydryl group. True or False?
True
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What is biochemistry?
- -the study of the structure and properties of biological molecules
- - the molecular basis of life
- - the molecular basis of drug action
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When a Zwitterion goes to an alkaline environment, it becomes fully _________ and acts as a(n) _________
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When a Zwitterion goes to a(n) ___________ environment it becomes fully protonated, and acts as a ___________
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What are the four types of amino acid side chains?
- 1. Neutral nonpolar hydrophobic
- 2. Neutral polar hydrophilic
- 3. Aromatic (hydrophobic or hydrophilic)
- 4. Charged (acidic or basic)
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Molecular Interactions
Drugs and the proteins in our bodies are molecules. Drugs produce therapeutic effects by interacting with proteins in our bodies
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Amino Acids contain:
- 1. Basic group
- 2. Acidic group
- 3. Chirality (L or D configuration)
- 4. Amphoteric (can act as an acid or base)
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Methionine:
Contains a thioether: sulfur in its side chain
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Proline is the only amino acid with a cyclic structure: true or false?
True!
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Aromatic Amino Acids:
Phenylalanine, Tyrosine, Tryptophan
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All aromatic amino acids are hydrophobic: true or false?
True!
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Tyrosine and tryptophan are less hydrophobic than phenylalanine. Why?
The hydroxyl group on tyrosine and the -NH of the indole group on tryptophan allows them to be less hydrophobic than phenylalanine.
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Tyrosine's hydroxyl group can also serve in __________ reactions.
phosphorylation
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Neutral Polar Hydrophilic: Amino Acids
serine, threonine, asparagine, glutamine, cysteine
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Cysteine contains a _____________
sulfhydryl group
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Two cysteines may join together via oxidation. This results in a ___________ and a new molecule called ____________.
- 1. disulfide bond
- 2. cystine
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Asparagine and Glutamine both have what type of group?
carboxamide
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Charged: Basic Amino Acids
- These amino acids are: positively charged and hydrophilic
- They are: lysine, arginine, histidine
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Charged: Acidic Amino Acids
- These amino acids are: negatively charged and hydrophilic
- They are: Aspartate and Glutamate
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Lysine:
- Basic
- Positively charged
- Hydrophilic group
- Has an NH3+ epsilon group
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Arginine:
- Basic
- Positively charged
- Hydrophilic group
- Has a guanidino group
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Histidine:
- Basic
- Positively charged
- Hydrophilic group
- Has an imidazole group
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Aspartate:
- Acidic
- Negatively charged
- Hydrophilic
- Carboxyl group
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Glutamate:
- Acidic
- Negatively charged
- Hydrophilic
- Carboxyl group
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Peptide bonds:
- Links 2+ amino acids together
- Bonds between the carboxyl group of one amino acid and the amino group of a second amino acid
- The formation of a peptide bond results in the loss of a water molecule
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Peptides with 100+ residues are usually called polypeptides. True or False?
False? They are called proteins
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Peptides with >100 residues are usually called polypeptides. True or False?
True
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How does one determine the direction in which amino acids flow?
- The amino acid with the free amino group striking out will be first and the amino acid with the free carbonyl striking out will be last.
- From N-terminal to C-terminal
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Can movement occur about the alpha carbon?
YES!
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Give examples of covalent bonds.
peptide bonds and disulfide bonds
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2 Cysteines undergo oxidation to form a _______
cystine
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Acidic amino acids:
- negatively charged
- hydrophilic
- Aspartate and Glutamate
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Serine and Threonine can undergo phosphorylation and glycosylation due to their _________ groups.
-OH
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Neutral Nonpolar Hydrophobic Amino Acids
"MVP GAIL"
- 1. Glycine: simplest (not chiral, no isomers)
- 2. Alanine: contains methyl group
- 3. Methionine: contains sulfhydryl group
- 4. Proline: cyclic structure
- 5. Isoleucine
- 6. Leucine
- 7. Valine
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Neutral Polar Hydrophilic Amino Acids:
"STAG C"
- Serine: contains hydroxyl groups
- Threonine: contains hydroxyl groups
- Asparagine: contain carboxamide group
- Glutamine: contain carboxamide group
- Cysteine: contains sulfhydryl group
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Aromatic Amino Acids:
- Phenylalanine
- Tyrosine (less hydrophobic than F)
- Tryptophan (less hydrophobic than F)
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Basic Amino Acids
- Lysine: epsilon amino group
- Arginine: guanidino group
- Histidine: imidazole group
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Acidic Amino Acids
- Aspartate: carbonyl group
- Glutamate: carbonyl group
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Reversible reactions within proteins:
- Electrostatic interactions
- H-bonding
- van der Waals forces
- hydrophobic interactions
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