Objective 15 and 16.txt

regurgitation, stenosis and valve prolapse (stretched and blood will go back)

most common cause is rheumatic fever

valve thickening by fibrosis and calcification

valve leaflets fuse and openings narrow; atrial pressure rises, left atrium dilates, pulmonary artery pressure increases and right ventricle hypertrophies

pulmonary congestion and RT HF happen first; then when LT VEN receives insufficient blood volume, preload is decreased and CO falls

mitral valve doesn’t close tightly; insufficient blood to rest of the body

degenerative due to aging and ineffective endocarditis

doesn’t close properly and bulges; familial tendency; dizziness, syncole and palpitations

aortic valve; disease of wear and tear

rest, drugs like beta blockers, dig, O2, nitrates, vasodilators, anticoagulants

reparative procedures, balloon valvuloplasty, direct or open commissurotomy, mitral valve annuloplasty, replacement

rarely lasts more than 6 months

observe for bleeding, assess for signs of a regurgitant valve, CO, and heart rhythm, emboli

diseased mitral valve is removed and replaced

mechanical (don’t deteriorate but need lifetime anticoagulant therapy) or biologic valves

teach how to cough, pain, preop dental exam

subacute or chronic disease of cardiac muscle

extensive damage to the myofibrils and interference with myocardial metabolism; both ventricles are dilated, systolic function is impaired

booze, chemo, infection, inflammation, poor nutrition

decreased CO causes dyspnea on exertion, no exercise, fatigue and palpitations

abnormally thick fibers; athletes

walls are rigid; stiff ventricles that restrict filling during diastole

genetic defects of parts of the heart, affects young adults, results from replacement of myocardial tissue with fibrous and fatty tissue

increased atrial and ventricular chamber size, decreased muscle size

thickened interventricular septum, decreased ventricular size, left ventricular hypertrophy

left ventricular hypertrophy