COMM 110 -1

Q1 There are 5 basic reasons to communicate. They are:

A. Meet physical needs
B. Meet spiritual needs
C. Meet relational needs
D. Meet instrumental needs
E. Meet_______________needs

Q1 In 10 words or less, describe “Instrumental Needs”

Q1 Communication has 2 parts. One is the information itself, the other is all of the
distal and proximal influences between you and the other person, the way the
information is communicated, and how meanings are interpreted.

These 2 parts are referred to as _____________ and _______________.

Q1 Communication is irreversible. In 10 words or less, what do we mean by that?

Q1 The complete communications process, with all of the pieces, is known as the ____________ model.

Q1 There are 3 types of Noise, what are they? (The official terms)

Q1 There are 2 implications from the different models of communication. One is that
communication is a process and the other is that it creates meaning and understanding.

Q1 There is the old saying “Words have no meaning.” Communication occurs on three
levels. Name them in order of importance.

Q1 Interpersonal Communication has 4 aspects, they are:

A. Communication occurs within a relationship
B. Communication changes the relationship (evolves)
C. Communication negotiates and defines the relationship
D. Communication involves __________________

Q2 In 5 words or less, define Verbal Communication

Q2 Language is the database-the complete collection of words available for us to use. Picking
and choosing those words in a specific order to create a message is referred to
as __________________

Q2 Language is symbolic. This means that words are….

A. Natural, self-evident, encoded expressions of the object, event, or idea.
B. Arbitrary, constructed, independent representations of the object, event, or idea.

Q2 From Discourse, Denotation means the literal, dictionary definition of a word or combination of words. The interpretations and meanings that may be different than the definition is referred to as ____________.

Q2 “Family Catches Fire Just In Time” “I shot an elephant in my pajamas (how he got in my pajamas, I’ll never know)”
These are examples of (choose one):

A. Abstract Language
B. Indirect Language
C. Equivocal Language

Q2 The way we talk and the words we choose to use are part of presenting ourselves to others, and how others perceive us.
This concept is referred to as

A. Create and Label Experience
B. Create Affiliation or Distance
C. Establish Credibility and Power

Q2 In a relationship we can choose to show affection and connection or we can pull away and grow apart.
This concept is referred to as

A. Create and Label Experience
B. Create Affiliation or Distance
C. Establish Credibility and Power

Q2 Sense experience, describe the experience, make guesses about unknown factors (infer), then judge/evaluate the experience.

This is referred to as the ______________ Process.

Q2 When we say words are “Relative” we mean

A. They are related by blood or marriage

B. They are compared to other words for interpretation

Q2 There are 3 sets of rules in verbal communication: Semantic (Language), Syntactic (Discourse), and Pragmatic (Semiotic Meaning). Match them with their description:

A. Semantic 1. Immediate Context & Unstated Norms

B. Syntactic 2. Common, shared Understanding of symbols

C. Pragmatic 3. Grammar and order of words

The dictionary definition of a word is it's _________ meaning, whereas the implication of that word is its_________meaning.

a. denotative, connotative
b. connotative, denotative
c. denotative, relational
d. connotative, relational

Words can have more that one meaning, This illustrates that language is:

a. arbitrary
b. abstract
c. ambiguous
d. deterministic

Which type of rule governs the ordering of words within phrases?

a. phonological
b. syntactic
c. semantic
d. pragmatic

Which of the following rules relates to the correct pronunciation of a word?

a. phonological
b. syntactic
c. semantic
d. pragmatic

Which of the following is not one of the three elemenets in Ogden and Richard's Semantic Triangle?

a. symbol
b. reference
c. referent
d. article

Which of the following illustrates the idea that language shapes our views of reality by influencing the ways that various cultures see the world?

a. Ogen and Richard's Semantic Triangle
b. Shannon and Weaver's Model of Channels
c. Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis
d. Hypothetical Rationalism

Which of the following terms is defined as a vague, mild expression that symbolizes something more blunt or harsh?

a. euphemism
b. equivocation
c. equating
d. emphasis

The statement 'Nine out of ten dentists agree.................." is an example of which of the following persuasion techniques?

a. anchor and contrast
b. norm of reciprocity
c. social validation
d. majority rule

Sophie really wants a new bike, so she first asks her mom for a new car, thinking that will increase the likelihood that her mom will buy her a new bike. This strategy is known as?

a. anchor and contrast
b. norm of reciprocity
c. social validation
d. majority rule

Good communicators take responsibility for their own thoughts and feelings by using which of the following?

a. I statements
b. You statements
c. we statements
d. they statements

Written messages are not a type of verbal communication

Research indicates that a person's name can carry implicit meaning about his or her goodness or desirability.

Equivocation is language that articulates your true intentions without being strategically ambiguous.

According to a study by Huston and colleagues, the more affection spouses communicated to each other during their first 2 years of marriage, the more likely they were to still be married 13 years later.

Libel refers to defamatory statements made in print or some other fixed medium, such as a photograph or a motion picture, whereas slander is a defamatory statement that is simply made aloud.

Because language is _________, each word represents a particular object or idea, but it does not constitute the object or idea itself.

A word whose sound imitates its meaning is an example of _________.

_________rules allow an individual to connect the word 'laptop' with 'computer'.

The idea that we can only conceive of something if we have a word for it is known as___________

Terms or phrases that are intended to mislead listeners by implying something that they don't actually say are known as __________.

Which of the following is not a characteristic of nonverbal communication?

a. nonverbal communication is present in most interpersonal conversations.
b. nonverbal communication usually conveys more information than verbal communication
c. nonverbal communication is the secondary means of communicating emotion
d. nonverbal communication is meta-communicative.

The two characteristics that contribute most to facial attractiveness are:

a. symmetry and proportionality
b. symmetry and expressiveness
c. proportionality and diameter
d. proportionality and expressiveness

Which of the following phrases correctly defines oculesics?

a. the study of smell
b. the study of attractiveness
c. the study of emotion
d. the study of eye behavior

When Jorge proposed to Janie, she put her hand on her heart to signal how much she loved him. Which type of gesture was she enacting?

a. regulator
b. adaptor
c. affect display
d. emblem

The study of haptics concerns which of the following?

a. how we use touch
b. how we interpret taste
c. how we move our eyes
d. how we use space

Which of the following is not a major area in which touch plays a critical role in conveying meaning?

a. affection
b. caregiving
c. aggression
d. argumentation

When a manicurist touches Suzi's hands while giving her a manicure, which type of touch is Suzi receiving?

a. affectionate
b. caregiving
c. ritual
d. power and control

Which of the following vocal behaviors is an index of how high or low a voice sounds?

a. inflection
b. volume
c. pitch
d. rate

According to the text, all of the following influence the messages that artifacts convey except:

a. use of color
b. use of light
c. placement of objects
d. number of objects

Three behaviors that systemically change when people attempt to deceive are:

a. smiling, eye blinking, pupil dilation
b. eye blinking, fidgeting, wincing
c. pupil dilation, wincing, smiling
d. none of the above

Verbal communication is usually perceived as more believable than nonverbal communication.

We communicate more through nonverbal behavior than we do through our words.

Research indicates that facial expressions of our most basic emotions are interpreted similarly throughout the world.

Researchers suggest that attractiveness is judged much differently across cultures. (beauty is in the eye of the beholder).

The use of time conveys meaning about value and power.

_________is the first of the five senses to develop in humans.

The study of smell is called ___________

Nonword sounds such as 'ummm' or 'uh' are called __________ words

Turning your posture away from the person you're speaking to, as a signal that you want to end the conversation is called ________.

____________is the covergence of two people's nonverbal behaviors.

Which of the following is not a type of noise that might inhibit communication?

a. physical
b. psychological
c. psychonormative
d. physiological

Ethical communication generally involves:

a. treating people fairly
b. honesty in communication
c. avoiding amoral behavior
d. all of these

An example of a perceptual filter is:

a. personal experience
b. personal bias or prejudice
c. personal beliefs
d. all of these

When entering a movie theater, Paul notices a large sign that says "turn off cell phone before taking your seat'. This is an example of a/an:

a. explicit rule of communication
b. implicit rule of communication
c. semantic rule of communication
d. psycho-social rule of communication

Empathy is best defined as:

a. feeling sorry for someone else
b. an ability to identify, feel, and relate to what others are feeling.
c. the ability to keep other people's feelings separated from your feelings
d. paying attention to how others are evaluating your social skills

Which of the following is not an example of a physical context?

a. temperature - how hot/cold it is
b. size - how large/small a room is
c. light - how bright it is
d. emotion - how happy/sad you are

An example of a channel-lean communication context would be:

a. having a face to face conversation with your mom
b. sending a text msg to your roommate
c. taking a long walk with your romantic partner
d. going deer hunting with your dad and brothers.

The spiritual identity of an individual is best associated with:

a. the ability to accomplish day to day tasks
b. the ability to form and maintain personal relationships
c. the ability to develop a core set of beliefs, values, and morals
d. the ability to be empathetic with another person

Research has found that communication with friends and confidants actually:

a. decreases a person's physical and mental health
b. increases a person's self-monitoring skills
c. increases a person's life expectancy
d. decreases a person's ability to relate to his or her own family members

Awareness of your behavior and how it affects others is called:

a. self-monitoring
b. stigma
c. empathy
d. meta-communication

Research has found that people with strong, close relationships are more likely to avoid suffering major health ailments such as heart disease and high blood pressure than are people without strong social ties.

The most powerful predictor of a person's overall happiness is satisfaction with his or her marriage.

Most personal communication is best described as linear in nature.

Feedback is mainly determined by two key factors: channels and context.

In the transaction model of communication, messages are encoded and decoded at the same time.

The tendency to behave in morally correct ways is a characteristic of a/an ___________person

Most people believe that ____________is the number one reason that relationships are ended

The blurring of the boundaries between people's personal and professional lives is known as ___________

The most contemporary model of human communication is the ____________ model.

A ____________ is a characteristic that discredits a person, making him or her to be seen as abnormal or undesirable.

People from the southern US often use the word y'all when referring to others; however, people from the other parts of the US do not typically use this term. For people from the South, this is an example of:

a. in-group language use
b. out-group language use
c. psychonormative language use
d. gendered language use

Researchers Ann Kring and Albert Gordon have found that when it comes to sex differences and emotion:

a. men and women reported expressing equal amounts of emotion
b. men and women reported experiencing equal amounts of emotion
c. men and women were equally likely to limit or mask their emotional expressions
d. men and women varied greatly in their emotional experiences

Presuming that most people thing, perceive, and believe the same way you do is the primary point behind the:

a. gender assumption
b. androgyny assumption
c. similarity assumption
d. polychronic assumption

People raised in this type of culture are taught to believe that all people are equal and that no one person or group should have excessive power:

a. high power distance culture
b. low power distance culture
c. expressive cultures
d. high context culture

Highly feminine cultures value this characteristic more so than highly masculine cultures:

a. ambition
b. competition
c. achievement
d. nurturance

Which of the following is not a sexual orientation:

a. heterosexuality
b. homosexuality
c. bisexuality
d. transexuality

Which of the following is the best example of expressive talk?

a. 'if I were you, this is how I would fix your problem.'
b. 'I think you and Sally should just break up; I mean, what's the point in hanging on?'
c. 'I love you and I am so thankful for your support during this rough time for me'
d. 'You're crazy! You need to get into therapy and fast!'

With respect to sex differences in talk, research has found that:

a. men and women speak about the same amount of words in an average day
b. men interrupt women more than women interrupt men
c. women ask more questions than men
d. all of these

a person's culture is determined by his or her ethnicity.

In a high context culture, people are expected to be direct, clear and explicit in their communication with others.

Sex is biological and genetic, whereas gender is social and cultural.

Gender roles are fairly stable and enduring; they rarely change and are consistent across most all cultures.

Research has found that, on average. same-sex romantic relationships are just as stable and satisfying as opposite-sex romantic relationships.

Within many large cultures are a host of smaller groups of people researchers refer to as _________________

The phrase 'looking out for number one' is reflective of the ______________cultural viewpoint.

People in high _________cultures are raised to believe that certain people or groups deserve to have more power than others.

The perception of time as holistic, fluid, and unstructured is associated with the ___________orientation toward time.

A person who is both highly masculine and highly feminine would be described as _________.

Q3 Nonverbal functions in place of verbal in many ways. One of these functions is the fact that nonverbal CAN show deception. From the functions, this is referred to as

A. Complement
B. Regulate
C. Leakage
D. Substitute

Q3 When we say nonverbal communication is rule bound, we are referring to “Expectancy Violations.” This means

A. We expect someone to look a certain way and when they don’t we feel violated

B. We expect someone to say the same thing on 3 different levels and when they don’t we react to it

Q3 From Vocal Communication, give two examples of Filler Words.

Q3 If inflection is our variation in pitch (high, low, or monotone), in 10 words or less, what is our pitch?

Q3 From Proximics, name the four spatial distances:

Up to 1.5'
1.5 to 4'
4 to 12'
over 12'

Q3 The tendency to attribute positive characteristics to physically attractive people is referred to as ____________.

Q3 The most important channel for expressing emotion is:

A. The words we use
B. Body/Muscle tension
C. Facial Expressions
D. Our proximics

Q3 We process information on 3 levels. One is Kinesthetically (feelings). What are the other two levels?

Q3 Gestures have 5 basic types. They are:

1. Illustrators (accent meaning)
2. Affect Displays (show emotion)
3. Regulators (control interaction)
4. Adaptors (satisfy personal needs)
5. ____________

Q3 In 10 words or less, explain “Immediacy.”

Q4 There are 6 steps to the listening process. They are:
A. Hear
B. Select
C._______
D. Understand
E. Remember
F.________

Q4 In 10 words or less, If listening is the conscious act of paying attention, then what is hearing?

Q4 Barriers to listening include:

A. Cultural and Gender differences
B. History with other
C. Perceived Poor Credibility
D. Situational Context
E. __________________

Q4 The 4 types of listening are:

A. Pleasurable
B. Discriminative
C. ___________
D. Empathic

Q4 What are the 3 persuasive positions of Plato and Aristotle?

Q4 Errors in logic, or manipulating logic are referred to as?

Q4 The 3 parts of Active Listening are

A. _________
B. Probing
C. Supporting

Q4 In 10 words or less, explain paraphrasing

Q4 Acknowledging the message and speaker, accepting their message, and giving feedback are part of which level of active listening?

A. Understanding
B. Probing
C. Supporting

Q4 In 10 words or less, name one bad habit and describe it.

Mark hates to be late to anything; he gets anxious at even the thought of being late, especially to events he believes are important. For people like Mark, time is a valuable, tangible commodity that should not be wasted. This orientation toward time is known as:

a. monochronic
b. polychronic
c. androgynous
d. instrumental

The US American phrase "a dime a dozen", is an example of a cultural:

a. norm
b. jargon
c. idiom
d. code

The Johari Window is a visual representation of self that consists of all except which of the following parts?

a. open
b. hidden
c. visual
d. unknown

The motivation to maintain some degree of influence in our relationships is know as which of the following needs?

a. need for belonging
b. need for control
c. need for inclusion
d. need for autonomy

When we compare ourselves with others, we engage in which of the following to help us form our self-concept?

a. social mimicry
b. impression management
c. reflected concept
d. social comparison

When expectations cause people to act and communicate in ways that make the expectations come true, this is known as what?

a. self-fulfilling prophecy
b. self-serving bias
c. expectancy outcome theory
d. social comparison

Individuals in socially marginalized groups tend to engage in three general strategies to help them maintain their self-esteem. Which of the following is not one of the strategies?

a. value things at which they excel
b. attributing problems to prejudice in society rather than their own behavior
c. comparing themselves with others in their own group more than people in groups
d. maintaining contact primarily with similarly marginalized individuals

which of the following is not one of the interpersonal needs articulated by Schutz?

a. inclusion
b. affection
c. similarity
d. control

Which of the following is not one of the three fundamental principles of image management?

a. image management is collaborative
b. image management is deceptive
c. multiple identities are managed
d. image management is complex

The need to avoid being imposed upon by others is known as what?

a. fellowship face
b. competence face
c. connected face
d. autonomy face

After Frances shares with James her intense fear of public speaking, James then feels compelled to share with Frances something personal about himself. This example illustrates that self-disclosure usually occurs incrementally and is guided by which of the following?

a. norm of reciprocity
b. rule of reciprocation
c. disclosure rules
d. the idea that more is better

Social penetration theory is characterized by which of the following aspects of self-disclosure?

a. breadth and depth
b. honesty and intimacy
c. quantity and quality
d. good and bad

Individuals with low self-esteem overestimates the importance of their failures, whereas people with high self-esteem have a tendency to minimize their failures.

our reference group is usually our peers

People in highly collectivistic cultures tend to think of themselves as independent and unique.

High self-monitors have a tendency to state what they are thinking or feeling without paying much attention to the impression they make.

Individuals with high self-esteem tend to be happier than individuals with low self-esteem

Your __________ consists of ways you tend to think and act across most situations.

Through ___________ our self-concept is influenced by how we think other people see us.

The subjective evaluation of one's value and worth as a person is known as one's ______________

A behavior that threatens one's face need is known as a ____________

Disclosures made in an online environment would be described as ____________ when they are more personal in nature than they would be face to face.

Q5 In 10 words or less, describe culture

Q5 Stress and anxiety associated with our first experience in a new culture is called

Q5 Shared perceptions by a group on beliefs and issues is referred to as__________

Q5 High and Low Context refers to…

A. How we handle the immediate situation
B. How norms and values change in certain contexts
C. The relative importance of nonverbal communication

Q5 If sex is biology, in 10 words or less, what is gender?

Q5

The 3 basic types of gender are

A. Feminine
B.__________
C. Masculine

Q5 List 2 or 3 traits of masculinity

Q5 List 2 or 3 traits of femininity

Q5 Backchannels, hedges, tag questions, and forceful, authoritative, controlling styles in discourse refers to:


A. Male Generic Language
B. Gender Specific Language
C. Genderlect

Which of the following is not a type of noise that might inhibit communication.

a. physical noise
b. psychological noise
c. psychonormative noise
d. physiological noise

Ethical communication generally involves:

a. treating people fairly
b. honesty in communication
c. avoiding immoral behavior
d. all of these

an example of a perceptual filter is:

a. personal experience
b. personal bias or prejudice
c. personal beliefs
d. all of these

when entering a movie theater, Paul notices a large sign that says 'Turn off cell phone before taking your seat!. This is an example of a/an:

a. explicit rule of communication
b. implicit rule of communication
c. semantic rule of communication
d. psycho-social rule of communication

Empathy is best defined as:

a. feeling sorry for someone else
b. an ability to identify, feel, and relate to what others feel
c. the ability to keep other people's feelings separated fro your feelings
d. paying attention to how others are evaluating your social skills

Which of the following is not an example of a physical context?

a. temperature - how hot/cold it is
b. size - how large/small it is
c. light - how bright/dark it is
d. emotion - how happy/sad you are

An example of channel-lean communication context would be:

a. having a face to face conversation with your mom
b. sending a text message to your roommate
c. taking a long walk with your romantic partner
d. going deer hunting with your dad and brothers

The spiritual identity of an individual is best associated with:

a. the ability to accomplish day to day tasks
b. the ability to form and maintain personal relationships
c. the ability to develop a core set of beliefs, values and morals
d. the ability to to be empathetic with another person.

Research has found that communication with friends and confidants actually:

a. decreases a person's physical and mental health
b. increases a person's self-monitoring skills
c. increases a person's life expectancy
d. decreases a person's ability to relate to his or her own family members

Awareness of your behavior and how it affects others is called:

a. self-monitoring
b. stigma
c. empathy
d. meta-communication

Research has found that people with strong, close relationships are more likely to avoid suffering major health ailments such as heart disease and high blood pressure than are people without strong social ties.

The most powerful predictor of a person's overall happiness is satisfaction with his or her marriage

most personal communication is best described as linear in nature

feedback is mainly determined by two key factors: channel and context

in the transaction model of communication, messages are encoded and decoded at the same time.

The tendency to behave in morally correct ways is a characteristic of a/an ______________person

Most people believe that _______________ is the number one reason that relationships end.

The blurring of the boundaries between people's personal and professional lives is known as _________

the most contemporary model of human communication is the ____________model

a ______________ is a characteristic that discredits a person, making him or her to be seen as abnormal or undesirable.

Which of the following does not make a particular stimulus more likely to be selected for attention?

a. it is unusual
b. it is expected
c. you are frequently exposed to it
d. it is of high intensity.

noticing that someone is a college student is an example of which schema used to classify information about people?

a. physical
b. interaction
c. psychological
d. role

which of the following is not one of the factors used to interpret people's behavior?

a. personal experience
b. knowledge of the person
c. closeness of the relationship
d. biofeedback

which of the following is not one of the stages of perception?

a. selection
b. reaction
c. organization
d. interpretation

lacking the ability to take another person's perspective is known as which of the following?

a. egocentrism
b. id
c. superego
d. cultural relativism

Michaela sees her new partner as perfect, although her friends can see many flaws. Michaela is experiencing which of the following>

a. negativity bias
b. positivity bias
c. perceptual set
d. egocentrism

which of the following is not a dimension of behavioral attributions?

a. locus
b. stability
c. controllability
d. egocentrism

The predisposition to perceive only what we want or expect to perceive is known as which of the following?

a. interpretation
b. organization
c. attribution
d. perceptual set

Perception is the ongoing process of making meaning from the things we experience in our environment.

selective memory bias occurs when we do not remember information that supports our stereotypes.

having perceptual set means that everyone has a predisposition to perceive only what he or she wants to perceive.

you think your classmate turned in his paper late because he's careless and not able to complete his work on time. This is an example of and external attribution.

the fundamental attribution error occurs when we attribute other people's behavior to internal causes rather than external one more often than we should

The first of the three stages of perception is the ________stage.

a ________ is the set of behaviors that is expected f someone in a particular social situation

according to the __________, first impressions are crucial because they set the tone for future interactions.

the ________posits that the most recent impression we have of someone more powerful than our earlier impressions.

singling out one or two obvious characteristics of a person and attributing everything he or she does to those characteristics is known as___________

Which of the following is not a part of the definition of listening?

a. it is an active process
b. it involves the creation of meaning
c. it deals with only spoken messages
d. it occurs automatically

using facial expressions and verbal statements such as 'I understand' to let the speaker know you are paying attention is an example of which of the following types of listening responses?

a. analyzing
b. empathizing
c. paraphrasing
d. backchanneling

assigning meaning to what we hear illustrates which of the following elements of the HURIER model of effective listening?

a. hearing
b. remembering
c. interpreting
d. responding

which type of listening involves trying to understand a situation from the speaker's perspective?

a. empathetic listening
b. informative listening
c. critical listening
d. persuasive listening

having the attitude or belief that emphasizes organization and precision best describes which of the following listening styles?

a. people oriented
b. action oriented
c. outcome oriented
d. content oriented

research shows that college students spend more time listening than engaging in any other communication activity.

glazing over is the same thing as pseudo-listening.

the rebuttal tendency is an effective listening strategy because it requires the listener to pay close attention to the speaker's message to formulate a rebuttal.

researchers found that women score themselves higher on people-oriented listening and men score themselves higher on content listening.

to be a good empathetic listener, it is important to offer advice, even if you are not asked.

regarding the relationship between hearing and listening, __________ is a passive process, whereas ____________is an active process.

________ occurs when someone listens only to the part of the message that she or he wants to hear and ignores the rest.

the ________occurs when shocking and dramatic events distort an individual's perception of reality.

the first stage of effective listening, according to the Hurier model, is_________.

____________is the tendency not to listen to anything with which you disagree.

Which of the following is the best definition of liking?

a. feelings of contentment, pleasure, and cheer
b. feelings of joy, and surprise with experiences of excitement and attraction
c. the overall evaluation of another person
d. caring for, feeling attached to, and feeling committed to someone else.

which of the following is an emotional response to the perception that you have been wronged in some way?

a. envy
b. jealousy
c. contempt
d. anger

the expression of which of the following has been shown to trigger a cycle of negative behavior in relationships that can lead to one partner withdrawing?

a. envy
b. contempt
c. disgust
d. anger

which of the four primary characteristics of emotions is best described by the body's changes in blood pressure, breathing rate, and hormone levels?

a. social and cultural
b. cognitive
c. physiological
d. behavioral

which of the following is not a secondary emotion?

a. disgust
b. remorse
c. contempt
d. awe

which of the following aspects of personality tend(s) to be associated with how emotion is experienced?

a. agreeableness
b. extroversion
c. neuroticism
d. all of the above

men engage in road rage more often than women.

sadness is a medically diagnosed physical illness that can linger for months or years.

emotions are valanced, meaning they range from positive to negative

regardless of culture, people tend to accurately identify facial displays of primary emotion

the tendency to mimic the experiences and the expression of others is known as emotional.

the motivation of an angry person to attack another person while driving is known as_____________

__________occurs when someone feels that the existence or the quality of his or her relationship is threatened by a third party; whereas ________ occurs when someone wants what someone else has.

the behavioral components of emotions are called___________, which are specific behaviors that each emotion motivates us to engage in.

the emotion of _________ is generally considered to have a neutral valence.

a productive strategy for dealing with negative feelings is _______, by changing the way one thinks about the situation to reduce the effect it has.