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Dermis
2nd skin layer, inner layer.
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Epidermis
1st layer of skin, outer layer.
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Eschar
Dead/necrotic skin.
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Exacerbation
- Condition that worsens.
- EG: COPD Exacerbation
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Maceration
Softening, usually used to describe skin surrounding a wound.
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Syncope
Light headed, causes fainting.
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Apnea
Absence of breathing.
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Arrhythmia
Abnormal heart beat.
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Auscultation
Listening, used during exams, usually with a stethesecope.
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Cheyne-stokes Respiration
Shallow breathing, followed by an absence of breathing.
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Stridor
Shrill, harsh sound on inspiration; caused by obstruction of the upper air passages, as occurs in croup or laryngitis.
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Defervescence
To get rid of the fever.
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Hypoxemia
Low O2 in the blood, causes low O2 sats.
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Korotkoff Sounds
The different sound while obtaining a BP
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Kussmaul's Respirations
High/quick rate and depth, but, a long exhale.
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Pulse Deficit
A difference in apical and radial pulses.
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Pulse Pressure
The difference of systole and diastole.
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Pyrogens
Causative agents of fever.
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Ronchi
Dry rattles during auscultation of lungs.
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Shock
Circulatory failure
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Stertor
Snoring sound caused by blockage in bronchioles.
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Stroke Volume
Amount of blood exiting the heart with each beat.
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Incubation Period
1st stage, begins when antigen first enters the body lasts until symptoms occur. Can be transmitted during this stage.
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Prodromal Period
Lasts between onset of vague mild symptoms and disease specific symptoms. Highly contagious.
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Illness Period
3rd stage, localized and systemic symptoms occur. General malaise symptoms accompanied with disease specific ones. Depending on antigen depends on severity of symptoms and contagion.
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Convalescent Period
Last stage, occurs when symptoms begin to subside and persons health is restored.
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Sodium (Na)
135-145 mEq/L
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Bicarbonate HCO3
22-26 mmol/L
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ERCP
Endoscopic Retrograde Choliangiopancreatography
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Agonists
Enhances; works with
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Antagonists
Works against
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Ablation
Refers to removal of tissue
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The 5 categories of surgery:
Diagnostic, exploratory, curative, palliative, and cosmetic.
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Adjuvant Analgesics
Drugs not classified as analgesics, but can be used for pain. IE muscle relaxants.
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FLACC
- Face
- Legs
- Activity
- Console
- Cry
scale used to determine pain in a non vocal patient
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CPAP
- Continuos
- Positive
- Airway
- Pressure
Keeps airways open during sleep.
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Afferent/Efferent Pathway
Afferent (ascending) carries messages to the brain.
Efferent (descending) carries messages away from the brain.
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Nociceptive Pain
Nociceptors are irritated. Stubbed toe, superficial burn etc...
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Neuropathic Pain
Caused by a malfunction in the nervous system. Due to injury or illness. Most commonly chronic pain. spinal injuries is an example.
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Respiratory Acidosis
- PH decreases
- PaCO2 increases
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Respiratory Alkalosis
- PH increases
- PaCO2 decreases
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Metabolic Acidosis
- PH decreases
- Bicarb decreases
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Metabolic Alkalosis
- PH increases
- Bicarbonate increases
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Hypovolemic Shock
Inadequate blood volume to maintain supply of oxygen and nutrients.
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Carcinogenic Shock
When the heart fails as a pump
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Obstructive Shock
Physical impairment of adequate blood flow
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Distributive Shock
Excess dilation of vessels.
Anaphylactic Shock (chemicals causing vasodilation during an allergic rxn)
Septic Shock (hypotension unresponsive to fluids, metabolic acidosis, acute encephalopathy oliguria, and/or coag probs)
Neurogenic Shock (disruption in the nervous system affects the vasomotor center in the medulla, disrupting sympathetic nerve impulses. This causes vasodilation.)
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ARDS
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndorme
Leads to tissue hypoxia and anoxia, respiratory failure, metabolic acidosis.
Then causes cardiac issues. Disseminated intravascular coagulation, this is caused by destructed RBC's releasing clotting factors.
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Early/Reversible/Compensatory Stage of Shock Symptoms
- Thirsty
- Irritable/Restless
- Decreased-BP & pulse pressure, urine output, and hypoactive bowel.
- Increased-pulse (unless neurogenic), resprs (rate and depth), blood glucose.
- Cool/pale skin
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Intermediate/Progressive Stage of Shock Symptoms
- Confused/listlessness
- Tachycardiac, with weak thready pulses
- Subnormal temp (unless septic)
- Skin is cool, clammy, slow refil and, cyanotic
- Urine output decline; possible kidney failure
- Decreased BP, pulse pressure is narrow
- Peripheral edema
- Muscle weakness
- Resprs increase, deep, crackles.
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Irreversible/Refactory Stage of Shock Symptoms
- Loss of consciousness
- Systole falls, diastole can reach zero
- Pulse is irregular
- Resprs are slow shallow and irregular
- Little to no urine output
- Skin is cold, clammy and cyanotic
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How long does it take brain cells to begin to die when anoxic?
Brain cells begin to die at 4 minutes
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SIRS
Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome
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