i. first compound light microscopes made by end of __century
16th
a.__, an English microscopist, discovered cells i.was curious about __
1.discovered __ of dead plant tissue
Robert Hooke
cork’s ability to hold air in bottles
empty cell walls
a.__, a Dutchman who sold clothes and buttons, grinded lenses and made simple microscopes i.discovered (using pond water) teeming “__” 1.first to describe various forms of bacteria a.everyone was skeptical at first
Anton van Leeuwenhoek
animalcules
a.1830s: breakthrough year; importance of cells realized i.1838: __, a German lawyer turned botanist, concluded that, despite differences in structure of various tissues, plants were made of __and the __ arose from a single cell
Matthias Schleiden
cells
plant embryo
i.1839: __, a German zoologist, published a report on the cellular basis of animal life 1.What did he say?
Theodor Schwann
said cells of plants and animals are similar structures and proposed two parts of cell theory:
a. all organisms are composed of one or more cells
b. the cell is the structural unit of life
i.Schleiden and Schwann were wrong about origin of cells, saying they could arise from __
1.when disproved, the third part of the cell theory came about a. __
noncellular material
cells can arise only by division from a preexisting cell
a.__is the most basic property of cells, and __are the smallest units to exhibit this property i.__ can be isolated and still grow and reproduce, but __ cannot 1.will die if mistreated, but, in the body, they die by __
life
cells
whole cells
cell parts
their “own hand”(eliminate themselves)
a.First culture of human cells began by __i.taken from malignant tumor of __
b.because easier to study, cells grown __ are important for scientists
George and Martha Grey
Henrietta Lacksà HeLa cells
in vitro (in culture)
i.complexity thought of as __ and __
1.more complex= __
order and consistency
greater number of parts that must be in right place and less errors in nature and interactions of parts, as well as more regulation or control that must be exerted to maintain the system
i.__at every level 1.cell’s __have specific shape and location and consistent composition of __, which have a __ a.ex: epithelial cells in intestine
consistency
organelles
macromolecules
predictable pattern
True or False:
Completely different species are similar at the cellular level
True
ex. ATP synthases are similar
i.organisms built based on info in __made of __found in __ 1.genes also have info for __(3)__ ii.Changes in genetic info (__)= __-->__
genes
DNA
chromosomes
constructing cellular structures, running activities, and reproducing selves
mutation
variation
evolution
i.reproduction: __
1.first, __; then, __ a.usually equal, unless __
mother cell --> two daughter cells
genetic info is duplicated
it is evenly distributed
reproduction (oocyte divides and one daughter gets all of cytoplasm with only half of genetic material)
i.all energy used by life is from the __, trapped by __ of __cells and converted to chemical energy stored in __, like sucrose
sun
light-absorbing pigments
photosynthetic
carbs
i.for animal cells, energy is already made, usually in form of __ 1.__is released by __ into blood to deliver __ a.it will then __in way that allows its energy content to be stored until needed
glucose
glucose
liver
chemical energy
disassemble
i.cells use a lot of energy __ macromolecules and organelles 1.this __ maintains __in face of wear and tear and allows __
breaking and remaking
turnover
unity
rapid response
a.Cells and Chemical Reactions i.they all require __ ii.sum total of chemical reactions in a cell= __
enzymes
metabolism
a.Cells and Mechanical Activities i.Three examples ii.aided by __ used by cell to carry out mechanical actions
materials transported, structures (dis)assembled, cell movement
motor proteins
a.Cells and Stimuli i.obvious examples: movement toward or away ii.cells of multicellular plant are less obvious 1.Most cells covered with __that interact in specific ways and respond to __(4)__,, etc. iii.Receptors allow __ in target cells, like altering metabolic activities, apoptosis, etc.
receptors
hormones, growth factors, extracellular material,
other surface material
specific responses
a.Cells and Self- Regulation i.__: hearty and durable 1.defines cells because they can survive __ by using __
ii.maintaining stability requires __ 1.1891: __ (German embryologist)tried to separate the first 2- 4 cells of sea urchin embryo
robustness
dangerous fluctuations
feedback circuits
regulation
Hans Dreisch
i.In cells, the information for product design resides in the __, and the construction workers are primarily __ 1.it is the presence of these two types of macromolecules that sets the __of the cell apart from that of the nonliving world ii.each step of a process in a cell must be __enough to automatically trigger the next step
nucleic acids
proteins
chemistry
spontaneous
a.Cells Evolve i.it’s assumed cells evolved from some kind of __, which in turn evolved from __ present in the seas ii.cells, despite differences, are very similar (common genetic code, plasma membrane, ribosomes) iii.all organisms have evolved from single, ancestral cell; called __
precellular life form
nonliving organic materials
last universal common ancestor (LUCA)
I.Two Fundamentally Different Classes of Cells a.__(simpler; include bacteria) vs. __ (complex; include fungi, protists, plants, and animals) b.__appeared 2.4 billion years ago when the air contained __, a byproduct of __
prokaryotic
eukaryotic
cyanobacteria
O2 (molecular oxygen)
photosynthesis
a.Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes i.shared characteristics show what?
that eukaryotes developed from prokaryotes
Similarities of prokaryotes and eukaryotes
1.both have plasma membranes that are selectively permeable and are similarly constructed
a.both types may be surrounded by rigid, nonliving cell wall (protects)
i.may have similar function, but different composition
Differences of prokaryotes and eukaryotes
- nuclear region
a.pro: genetic material present in a nucleoid
b.euk: nucleus
nucleoid
(poorly demarcated region of the cell that lacks a boundary membrane to separate it from the surrounding cytoplasm
nucleoid
(region bounded by a complex membranous structure called the nuclear envelope
Difference of prokaryotes and eukaryotes:
DNA
a.pro: small amounts of DNA (600k base pairs to 8 million, encoding 500 to several thousand proteins); DNA 3 mm long at most
b.euk: more
Difference of prokaryotes and eukaryotes:
Chromosomes
a.pro: single, circular chromosome
b.euk: separate chromosomes, each with linear DNA and tightly associated with proteins to form a complex nucleoprotein material called chromatin
Difference of prokaryotes and eukaryotes:
Cytoplasm
a.pro: no membranous structures
b.euk: filled with a lot of structures and membrane-bound organelles, such as mitochondria, ER, Golgi complexes, etc. (plants have more, like a large vacuole and chloroplasts)
i.COMPARTMENTALIZED
ii.very crowded with little space for the soluble phase of cytoplasm, called cytosol
Difference of prokaryotes and eukaryotes:
Transport
a.pro: simple diffusion
b.euk: cytoplasmic membranes form a system of interconnecting channels and vesicles that transport substances
Difference of prokaryotes and eukaryotes:
Cytoskeleton
a.pro: primitive cytoskeletal filaments
b.euk: tubules and filaments of the cytoskeleton (cell contractility, movement, support)
Difference of prokaryotes and eukaryotes:
Ribosomes
1.both participate in protein synthesis
a.pro: smaller with fewer components
b.euk: larger
REproduction of prokaryotes a.pro: no __ or __i.DNA copied and separated by growth of __ ii.__ 1.only one copy of their single chromosome and have no processes similar to __ a.some can do __, in which a piece of DNA is passed from one cell to another i.never a whole chromosome
iii.can pick up and __ from environmentà evolution
compaction of chromosomes or spindle
intervening cell membrane
nonsexual
meiosis, gamete formation, or true fertilization
conjugation
incorporate foreign DNA
REproduction of eukaryotes a.euk: __ i.duplicated chromosomes __and separate by __