A&P chapter one

the study of structure and form

examines the structures that cannot be observed by the unaided eye

the study of body cells and their internal structure

the study of tissue

investigates the structure and relationships of body parts that are visible to the unaided eye

studies the anatomy of each functional body system

examines all of the structures in a particular region of the body as a complete unit

focuses on both superficial anatomic markings and the internal body structure that relates to the skin covering them.

examines similarities and the differences in the anatomy of different species

it is the discipline concerned with developmental changes occurring from conception to birth

examines all anatomic changes with developmental and they examine both gross anatomic and microscopic structures.

investigates the relationships among internal structures that may be visualized by specific scanning procedures

the study of the function of body parts

examines the functioning of the heart, blood vessels, and blood

examines how nerve impulses travel throughout the nervous system and how nervous system organs work

studies how respiratory gases are transferred by gas exchange between the lungs and the blood vessels supplying the lungs, among other things.

explores how the regulation of reproductive hormones can drive the reproductive cycle and influence sex cell production and maturation

investigates the relationship between the functioning of an organ system and disease or injury to that organ system

• Chemical level
• Cellular level
• Tissue level
• Organ level
• Organ system level
• Organismal level

• Organization
• growth and development
• metabolism
• regulation
• responsiveness
• reproduction

• respiratory
• lymphatic
• endocrine
• reproductive
• muscle
• cardiovascular
• skeletal
• integumentary
• urinary
• digestive
• nervous

the ability of an organism to maintain a consistent internal environment ( body temperature rises)

coming from the opposite direction of the stimulus back to the set point (body temp and blood pressure)

speeds up the stimulus until a climatic event and once the event occurs the body returns to homeostasis (breast feeding and child birth)

the median space in the thoracic cavity that contains the heart, thymus, esophagus, trachea, and major blood vessels that connect the heart

a thin layer of membrane that lines the organs of the ventral cavity. the parietal layer lines the internal surface of the body wall and the visceral layer covers the external surface of the organs within that cavity.

when an individual stands upright with the feet parallel and flat on the floor, the upper limbs are at the sides of the body, and the palms face anteriorly; the head is level, and the eyes look forward toward the observer.

closer to the head

closer to the feet

in front of; toward the front surface

in back of; toward the back surface

toward the midline of the body

away from the midline of the body

closest to point of attachment to trunk

furthest from point of attachment to trunk

on the inside, internal to another structure

on the outside

skull

forehead

Posterior aspect of the head

nape of the neck

eye

nose

Mouth

Ear

Cheek

Chin

Neck

collarbone

thorax

Chest

anterior middle region of the thorax

breast

Region inferior to the thorax and superior to the hip bone

Navel

Pelvis

Groin

anterior region of the pelvis

shoulder blade

spinal column

relating to the loins, or the inferior part of the back, between the ribs and pelvis

posterior region between the hip bones

buttock

diamond-shaped region between the legs that contains the anus and external reproductive organs

armpit

arm (portion of the upper limb between the shoulder and the elbow

region anterior to the elbow; also known as the cubital region

forearm (the portion of the upper limb between the elbow and the wrist)

wrist

Palm (anterior surface) of the hand

fingers or toes (also called phalangeal)

outward end of the scapula or shoulder blade

posterior aspect of the elbow

Hand

Hip

Thigh

Kneecap

Leg (the portion of the lower limb between the knee and the ankle)

ankle, root of the foot

fingers or toes

area posterior to the knee

Calf

heel of the foot

foot

divides a structure into left and right portions that may not be equal, a plane that is parallel to the midsagittal, but either to the left or right.

divides the body or organ into superior and inferior parts

divides the body or organ into anterior and posterior parts

divides an organ along its long axis

cuts an organ at a right angle to the long axis

cuts across the long axis at an angle other than a right angle