-
what is the largest order of mammals?
rodentia
-
what does rodent mean?
to gnaw
-
what type of incisors to rodents have?
hipsodontic
-
what does hipsodontic mean?
open rooted teeth that grow continuously throughout life
-
what teeth do rodents have?
single pair upper and lower incisors
-
how are rodents subclassified?
anatomy of masseter muscles
-
what are the three suborders of rodentia?
- myomorpha
- sciuomorpha
- hystricomorpha
-
what is myomorpha?
mouse/rat-like
-
what is sciuromorpha?
squirrel-like
-
what is hystricomorpha?
guinea pig-like
-
what is the smallest rodent?
Pygmy jerboa
-
what is the largest mammal?
capybara
-
what is the taxonomy of the most common laboratory mouse?
Mus musculus
-
Who and when donated the original breeding stock of Mus musculus?
early 20th century by Abbie Lathrop
-
who further developed Mus musculus into the modern laboratory mouse?
Clarence Cook
-
which mouse produced the first inbred strains?
Mus musculus
-
why is the mouse so useful in research?
- small
- inexpensive
- easily maintained
- reproduces rapidly (quick life cycle)
- 95% similar to humans
-
what is an outbred stock?
genetically diverse line maintained by rotation mating scheme to maximize genetic diversity and to minimize brother-sister matings
-
what are two common examples of outbred stock?
-
what are the benefits of outbred stock?
- genetically diverse
- used where genetic diversity is desired or doesn't pose a problem
- larger, healthier, immunocompetent
-
what are some uses for outbred stocks?
- monoclonal antibody production
- sentinels
-
what is a sentinel?
a single mouse that is exposed to a mixture of used bedding from the other mice (usually in the same rack) to see if disease developes
-
what are the three options if the sentinel shows disease?
- treat all and retest
- euthanize and restart
- use clean off-spring
-
what is an inbred stock?
breeding mice that are closely related to produce offspring that are genetically identical
-
how is an inbred strain produced?
sibling-sibling mating (brother-sister)
-
how closely related are inbred strains?
98% identical after 20 generations
-
what are some used for inbred stocks?
- controlled studies
- strain-related health issues
-
what is a controlled study?
a study that needs reproducibility of conclusions
-
what are two example of a controlled study?
- toxicology
- behavioral study
-
what are some examples of strain-related health issues?
- microphtalmia or blindness
- early onset deafness
- mammary tumors
- ulcerative dermatitis
-
what is microphtalmia?
small eyes
-
which mouse is most susceptible to blindness?
albino
-
what are two common inbred strains?
-
what are two examples of immunodeficient mouse strains?
-
what is SCID?
severe combined immunodeficiency
-
what studies use immunodeficiency strains?
- tumor biology research
- immunology studies
-
what are the special requirements for immunodeficient mouse strains?
special housing & husbandry procedures
-
what are the unique characteristics of the nude mouse?
-
what is the benefit of not having a thymus?
it won't fight the cells from other species in a study that requires tumor growing
-
what is a unique characteristic of the SCID mouse?
lack B and T-cells
-
what type of study used the SCID mouse?
immunology
-
what are unique characteristics of genetically engineered mice?
- transgenics
- targeted mutants (knock-outs and knock-ins)
- "designer mice" created for specific purpose
- animal models of human diseases
- unknown immune status
- always inbred
-
what is thigmotaxis?
sensing with whiskers
-
what are the physical characteristics of a mouse?
- short coat
- black, brown, agouti, albino
- 5 toes with claws for climbing
- 5 pairs mammary glands
- hairless tail for balance
- life span 1.5 - 3 years
- adult weight 15-40 grams (average 25 grams)
-
what is the dental anatomy/physiology of a mouse?
- 1I/3M x 4 = 16 teeth
- large diastema between incisors and molars
-
-
what is the gastrointestinal anatomy/physiology of a mouse?
- limiting ridge (can't vomit)
- large cecum
-
what is the hematopoetic anatomy/physiology of a mouse?
spleen is site of lifelong hematopoesis
-
what is the reproduction anatomy/physiology of a mouse?
- bicornuate (two horns) uterus with one cervix
- prominent seminal vesicles
- female has 10 nipples; male none
- anogenital distance varies between sexes (male distance > female distance)
-
what is GEM?
genetically engineered mouse
-
what type of acclimatization behavior is typical of a mouse?
burrowing
-
what is the thermoneutral zone for a mouse?
85.28 - 86.9 F
-
what temperature do unacclimated mice die?
> 89 F
-
what is the heart rate of a mouse?
400-600 bpm
-
what is the normal body temperature for a mouse?
95 - 102 F
-
what type of regulation of body heat is common for a mouse?
poor - can't pant or sweat therefore overheats easily
-
when does mouse mating occur?
dark cycle (night)
-
how long is the mouse estrus cycle?
4 days
-
what is the mouse gestation period?
19-21 days
-
when is the fertile postpartum estrus of a mouse?
14-24 hours after parturition
-
what is the litter size of a mouse?
6-10
-
what type of young are born from a mouse?
altricial: blind, hairless, totally dependent on mother; average birth weight 1 gram
-
when does a newborn mouse grow hair? eyes open?
-
when does a newborn mouse wean?
21 days
-
when is the sexual maturity for a mouse?
- 4 weeks (female)
- 6 weeks (male)
-
how often does a mouse breed?
polyestrus - year round
-
what are the nutritional requirements for a mouse?
- omnivorous
- food: 1.5g/10g BW/day
- water: 1.5mL/10g BW/day
- essential linoleic acid (unsaturated omega-6 fatty acid)
- coprophagic
- balanced, pelleted chow
-
what are the typical mouse behaviors?
- prey species (run away, hide, freeze)
- social
- nest builders (some burrowers)
- nocturnal
- dominance hierarchies
- grooming
- intermale aggression common
- cannibalism during maternal stress/disturbance
-
what is the purpose of nest building?
- pup survivial
- temperature regulation
- protection
-
how do mice communicate?
- perhomones
- ultrasonic vocalization
-
what is the second most common lab animal?
rate
-
what is the taxonomy of the brown rat?
Rattus norvegicus
-
what is the genus of the rate?
Mesocricetus auratus
-
how long have rats been used in research?
since 1800's
-
how are rats used in the lab environment?
- toxicology
- physiology
- drug studies
- naturally occurring disease models
-
what are some examples of outbred rat stocks?
- Wistar
- Sprague Dawley
- Long-Evans
-
what are some examples of inbred rat strains?
-
which rat is immunodeficient?
athymic nude rats
-
what is the average adult weight of a rat?
200-400g
-
how many pairs of mammary glands on a rat?
6 pairs
-
what is the natural life span of a rat?
2-5 years
-
what are the common colors of the rat?
white, brown, hooded
-
what are the rat unique anatomical and physiological differences from a mouse?
- no gall bladder
- bicornuate uterus with two cervixes
- long bones may grow up to 1 year
- broader thermoneutral zone
-
what is the heart rate for a rat?
200-400 bpm
-
what is the rat estrus cycle?
4-5 days
-
what is the rat gestation period?
21-33 days
-
what is the rat litter size?
8-12
-
what type of newborn rats?
altricial
-
what is the birth weight of a newborn rat?
5 g
-
when do rats grow hair? open eyes?
-
when do rats wean?
21 days
-
what is the sexual maturity for rats?
- 4 weeks (female)
- 6 weeks (male)
-
what are the nutritional requirements for a rat?
- omnivores
- food: 20-30 g/day
- water: 115 mL/kg/day
-
what is typical rat behavior?
- more domesticated
- social
- aggression to humans dependent on strain
- cannibalism rare
- dominance hierarchies
- "gentling"
-
what is "gentling"?
handled often
-
what type of communication is used by rats?
ultrasonic communication
-
what is the taxonomy for the Syrian hamster?
Mesocricetus aureus
-
What is the genus for the Syrian hamster?
Mesocricetus auratus
-
what is the nickname for the Syrian hamster?
-
How was the Syrian hamster developed?
desert rodent captured in Syria in 1930s
-
what is the third most common lab animal?
Syrian hamster
-
what types of studies are conducted using Syrian hamsters?
immunology, cancer research, prion research (mad cow), dilated cardiomyopathy
-
what are the typical physical characteristics of a hamster?
- short, stocky body
- no tail
- 4 toes front, 5 toes back
- 4 pairs mammary glands
- flank glands
-
what is the purpose of the flank glands on a hamster?
- male - mark territory
- female - associated with estrus cycle
-
what is the life span for a hamster?
1-3 years
-
what is the adult weight of a hamster?
90-150 g (females larger)
-
what is the heart rate of a hamster?
250-500 bpm
-
what is the hamster respiration?
33-125 bpm (average 72)
-
what is the body temperature of a hamster?
97.2-99.5 F
-
what is the dental formula for the hamster?
- 2(I 1/1 C 0/0 P 0/0 M 3/3)
- same as rats and mice
-
what is the unique characteristic of the hamster's stomach?
- 2 compartments:
- nonglandular forestomach similar to rumen for fermentation
- glandular distal portion
-
what is a unique characteristic of cheek pouches of the hamster?
- "immunologically privileged"
- tumors from man not rejected
- used for tumor implantation & carcinogen studies
-
what are hamsters highly sensitive to?
antibiotics....clostridial enteritis
-
what is the hamster estrus cycle?
4 days
-
when does breeding occur?
- evening of the 3rd following appearance of postovulatory vaginal discharge
- no fertile postpartum estrus
-
what is the hamster gestation?
16-18 days
-
what is the litter size for hamster?
4-12 pups
-
what type of newborn for hamsters?
- altricial
- exploratory behavior at 1 week
-
when do hamsters wean?
25 days
-
what is the breeding age for hamsters?
90 days and/or 90 grams
-
what are the nutritional requirements for the hamster?
- omnivores
- low water requirement: 5mL/100g BW/day (reduced excretion)
- 10-15 g commercial pellets/day
-
what is the typical behavior for hamsters?
- solitary
- nocturnal/crepuscular
- females larger & more aggressive
- wake up cranky
- fight if housed together
- escape artists
- hibernate in wild to survive harsh climates
-
what is the taxonomy of the guinea pig?
Cavia porcellus
-
which research studies use guinea pigs?
tuberculosis, vitamin C metabolism, pregnancy complications, plastic surgery
-
what is the most common outbred stock of guinea pigs?
Hartley
-
which type of guinea pig is used plastic surgery studies?
hairless - tattoo removal
-
what are the physical characteristics of the guinea pig?
- stocky body, short legs, short tail
- don't jump, poor climbers
- 4 toes front, 3 toes back
- 1 pair mammary glands
- large adrenal glands
-
what is the adult weight of guinea pigs?
750-1000 g
-
what is the newborn weight of guinea pigs?
60-100 g
-
what is the life span of guinea pigs?
3-5 years
-
what is the heart rate of guinea pigs?
240-300 bpm
-
what is the dental formula for guinea pigs?
2( I 1/1 C 0/0 P 1/1 M 3/3) = 20
-
what makes intubation difficult for guinea pigs?
palatal ostium
-
what do guinea pigs lack?
L-gluconolactone oxidase
-
what is the purpose of L-gluconolactone oxidase?
synthesize vitamin C
-
what is the unique dietary requirement for guinea pigs?
vitamin C
-
what is the body temperature for guinea pigs?
99-103 F
-
what is the heart rate for guinea pigs?
240-350 bpm
-
what is the respiration rate for guinea pigs?
40-150 bpm
-
what is the sexual maturity for guinea pigs?
4-6 weeks
-
what is the gestation for guinea pigs?
59-72 days
-
what type of newborn for guinea pigs?
precocious
-
what litter size for guinea pigs?
2-5 pups
-
what are characteristics of guinea pig pups?
large, haired, mobile
-
what are some common reproduction complications with guinea pigs?
- dystocia
- ypocalcemia
- uterine prolapse
-
what are the nutritional requirements for guinea pigs?
- hervibores and cecal fermenters
- food: 6 g/100g BW/day
- water: 10 mL/100g BW/day
- require vitamin C
-
why are guinea pigs coprophagic?
vitamins B & K
-
what is the primary constituent of a natural diet for guinea pigs?
grass
-
what are some complications for vitamin C deficiency?
- defective collagen
- stunted growth
- bleeding
- delayed wound healing
- impaired tooth and bone formation
-
what is typical guinea pig behavior?
- very social
- thigmotactic
- not aggressive with people
- chew off ear tages
- "stampeding" behavior
- messing eaters
-
what is stampeding?
haphazard running to confuse predators/aggressors
-
what is thigmotactic?
feel way around
-
what are the considerations for rodent husbandry?
- housing
- food
- water
- sanitation
-
what are examples of different types of housing?
- shoebox caging
- rack systems
-
what is shoebox caging?
microisolator cage with filter in top to excludes pathogens and traps moisture and gases made from polycarbonate material
-
-
what is the ventilated rack system?
- keeps cages dry - longer interval between changeouts
- used with water bottles or auto water system
-
which type of housing suitable for mice, rats and hamsters?
microisolator/rack systems
-
what type of housing is suitable for guinea pigs?
file drawer
-
what IVC?
individually ventilated cage
-
what type of water is used for lab animals?
municipal water treated
-
how is municipal water treated for lab animals?
- reverse osmosis
- autoclaving
- acidifcation
- hyperchlorination
-
what are the types of water delivery?
- automatic
- water bottles
- sipper sacks
-
what are the common beddings used for lab animals?
- corncob
- cellulose products
- wood pup, wood chips
-
what is the light cycle for lab animals?
12:12 (possibly 14:10 in breeding rooms)
-
what is the light intensity for lab animals?
30 foot candles 1 meter from floor in center of room
-
what is the room temperature for lab animals?
64-79 F
-
how many air changes per hour are required for lab animals?
10-15
-
what is the humidity level for lab animals?
30-70%
-
what are some common husbandry and environmental problems?
- overcrowding
- fight wounds
- wet cages
- "lost" litters; pregnancy failures
- poor breeding performance
- ammonia odor
- thin, hunched posture
-
what is a possible cause for overcrowding?
breeding cages not separated at weaning
-
what are possible causes for fight wounds?
- switching mice between cages
- overcrowding
-
what are possible causes for wet cages?
- leaky bottle
- animals playing with drinking valves
- diabetic animals
-
what are possible causes for "lost" litters or pregnancy failures?
- implantation failure due to noise, vibration
- cannibalism due to stress
-
what are possible causes for poor breeding performance?
incorrect light cycle
-
what are possible causes for ammonia odor?
- time for change-out
- improper air balance or number or air change-outs/hour
-
what are possible causes for thin, hunched posture?
- environment
- water supply
- teeth
|
|
