bio 1151-H

• 1. Observation
• 2. Hypothesis
• 3. Experimentation
• 4. Analysis
• 5. Peer review

generalize from a large number of specific observations

• (general to specific)
• assume generalizations apply to scientific observations

Your idea

Many people agree with your hypothesis

Irrefutable

For purposes of comparisons

paitent doesn't know

Patient and experimenter do not know

life science

• 1. Reproduction
• 2. Cell
• 3. metabolism
• 4. ordered in structure
• 5. growth and development
• 6. adapt
• 7. carbon based

anything which takes up space and has mass

ability to do work or cause change (measured in Joule, or calorie)

smallest unit of chemical element which cannot be broken down by ordinary chemical means

different forms of atoms each is defined by proton number

Variation of atomic form. Varies in terms of neutron number.

outermost electrons

• 8-stable
• 7-gain 1 e
• 6-gain 2 e
• 3-5 gain or lose
• 2 lose 2 e
• 1 lose 1 e

molecule that contains an atom that steals electrons from other molecules to complete its valence shell this causes damage to the cell

bond energy determines stability

occurs between atoms that have the same electroegativity

tendency to attract electrons

Molecule has electrically charged sides. (Water) atoms that bond differ in elctronegativity

Valence electrons are stripped from one atom by another

temporary bond (10^-4 seconds) of hydrogen atoms due to differences in electronegativity

attractive forces between molecules that becomes temporarily polar (due to electrons orbiting around)

Involve making and breaking chemical bonds due to differences in electronegativity and changes in energy content

• 1. Polar- also being a liquid, water is a good solvent of other polar molecules
• 2. high specific heat - resist changes in temperature
• 3. Dissociates slightly - H20 -> H + OH
• 4. Cohesive - stacks together
• 5. Adhesive - sticks together
• 6. Water organizes non-polar molecules there by affecting the structures of proteins, DNA, and membranes

proton donors (H+)

Hydrocloric, Sulfric

citric acid

measure of H+ concentration

Hydroxide donors (OH-) feels soapy to the touch

resist changes in pH by absorbing or releasing H+ (Bicarbonate)

Salts,acids, and bases which conduct electrical currents when placed in water due to charged particles

contain carbon

Have same chemical empirical formula, however, differ in arrangement to some degree

different dimensional structures due to inflexible double convalent bonds

Mirror image isomer

energy

smallest carb, is sweet

two monosacharides sweet

Chains of monsacharides, not sweet

Plants

animals

plants

insects

E

animals

plants

amino acids

peptides

polypeptides

• Fibrous (tendons, ligaments)
• Globular (enzymes)

• 1. Primary - sequence of amino acids that compose a protein
• 2. Secondary - coiling or pleating of a protein
• 3. Tertiary- coiling if the polypeptide upon itself
• 4. Quaternary- two or more polypeptides complex to make a protien

When a protein falls apart (Due to heat)

proteins that fold other proteins 

• Deoxyribonucleic acids DNA
• ribonucleic acid RNA

1600 with the light microscope

• Bacteria 
• Archaea
• Eucara

No membrane bound internal structures

nuclean membrane, Membrane structures

cells  must be large enough to contain the bio materials that support life. As a cell increase in size, the ratio of volume to SA decrease, so there is less cell membrane space to feed and remove waste from the cell

area outside the nucleus but inside the plasma membrane or plamalemma

Contains fluid, cytoskeleton, cytoplasmic incusion

membrane-bound functional units in cells

includes membranes of the nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi bodies, and vesicles / vaculoes

Contains chromosomes

chemical made up of chromosomes, largely protein, but also nucleic acids like DNA

Where genes are making RNA

• 1. Have ribosomes which synthesizes proteins
• 2. passes polypeptides on to the rest of the endomembrane system
• 3. Glycosylation- attachment of carbohydrates to protein or lipid
• 4. Molecular chaperonins- protiens that fold up polypeptides

• 1. Lipid synthesis (steriods)
• 2. Carbohydrates synthesis (glycogen)
• 3. Detoxification of drugs/poisons by adding OH to increase solubility

• 1. Secretion
• 2. Procleiolysis - breaking up larger polypeptides into smaller ones
• 3. Protein storage

• 1. Aerobic resperation - cellular fuels are catabolized to liberate energy
• 2. Apoptosis - self destruct
• 3. own DNA RNA proteins
• 4. 2 memebranes

Differentiated by synthetic ability snf pigments photosythesis

Own DNA, RNA, nakes own protiens

• Not an organelle
• Not surrounded by membrane
• Polypeptide sythesis
• bound-attached to ER
• free- polysomes
• Has signal recognition particle that docks ribosems to ER

• Storage- Starch, water
• Osmoregulation - H2O / salt balance

smaller sacs that store and transport material

• Vesicle derived from Golgi that contains hydrolytic digestive enzymes which digest proteins, fats, nucleic acids, bacteria, wastes
• Also Apoptosis (self destruct)

• Found in animal cells
• detoxify alcohol
• H2O2 -> H20 + O
• often found in Liver and kidney cells

For support and mobility

• Thick
• last for a short time
• hollow
• contribute to centrioles and flagella

• 1. motility - compose eukaryotic flagella and cilla 
• 2. Chromosomes movement
• 3. organize cytoplasm
• 4. cell structure
• 5. Distribution of organelles

• Thin
• Cytoskeleton
• Ameboid movement

Circular flow if cytoplasm often seen in plant cells due to actin-myosin interactions

• intermediate in size
• made up of keratin to support cell shape

• Cilia - numerous shorter, transport material externally
• Flagella- less numerous, long

is similar to structure of a centriole, anchors the flagellum or cilium

Helps organize cell division?

• Animals- have strong collegen fibers that hold cell positions
• Plant- cell wall, secondary cell wall my also occur

connect cells

hold cells together

donut hole, rapid exchange of material

connect cells loosely together and allow for material exchnage

Integral proteins, phosopholiids, hydrophilic, hydrophobic, peripheral proteins

Amphipathic, rotate, steriods

• Amphipatic, 
• Functions-
• transport
• enzymatic activity
• signal transduction
• cell-cell recognition
• intercelluar joining
• attachment to cytoskeleton and ECM

random movement of molecules the tendency of movement from higher concentrations to lower concentrations

Diffusion of water through semi permeable membrane

Higher concentration of solute? (water leakes out)

Lower concentration of solute (water leaks in)

YOU SHALL NOT PASS nothing allowed through

• 1. Facilitated diffusion-passive
• 2. Aquaporin - integral-membrane protein that facilitates water diffusion

Allows movement up the concentration gradient (energy required)

Two materials go one way

one material goes  one way another material the other way

open with reception of a chemical(the ligand)

open based on changes in electrical charge

using several means of cellular transport

large particle exchange out

Large particle exchange in

Solid endocytosis

liquid endocytosis

Light, heat, mechanical, electrical energy

Chemical energy

• First- energy cannot be created or destroyed, but can be transformed or transferred
• Second - every energy transformation results in the reduction of free(usable) energy

Net release of energy (Aerobic respiration)

net absorption of energy (photosynthesis) 

synthesis of larger molecules from smaller one

break down of large molecules

• Exergonic
• Endergonic

• Anabolic
• Catabolic

• Animal-glycogen, saturated fats
• Plants - starch, unsaturated fats