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The flashcards below were created by user
tscoular
on FreezingBlue Flashcards.
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what does MCHC mean?
Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration
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What are echinocytes?
RBCs with multiple projections
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In target cells, what should be in the center of the colored pigment?
hemoglobin carrying oxygen
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what is anemia?
low amount of RBCs (Dr. Moore)
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Do you record a failed answer when running a PCV?
yes
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What is the interval between the two PCV results?
2
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If the interval between the two PCV results is greater than 2, would should you do?
retest
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what is the buffy coat comprised of?
white blood cells
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what occurs during hemolysis?
hemoglobin turns the plasma red
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what are considered toxins?
- anesthesia, flea prevention, etc.
- anything not in the main four categories
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what are the four items considered non-toxic?
- water
- proteins
- carbs
- fats/lipids
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what does CIN stand for?
chronic interstitial nephritis
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what does erythropoiesis need to work?
erythropoietin
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what is erythropoietin?
hormone necessary for RBC production
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what is erythropoiesis?
RBC production
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where is erythropoietin created?
kidney
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what are the five nutrients required for erythropoiesis?
- iron
- high quality proteins
- water
- water soluble vitamins
- source of calories
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what is necessary to store iron?
copper
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what is necessary to store copper?
cobalt
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what is considered high quality proteins?
all essential amino acids
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what vitamins are water soluble and necessary for erythropoiesis?
B complex
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what does TDN stand for?
total digestible nitrogen
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what are fat soluble vitamins?
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what are the B complex vitamins?
- thiamine
- niacin
- riboflavin
- pyridoxin
- folic acid
- B12
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what is another name for vitamin B1?
thiamine
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what is another name for vitamin B3?
niacin
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what is another name for vitamin B2?
riboflavin
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what is another name for vitamin B6?
pyridoxin
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what is another name for vitamin B9?
folic acid
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what is another name for vitamin B12?
cobalamin
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what process requires all of the vitamin B complex?
erythropoiesis
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what do round worms and hook worms cause?
blood loss
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what worm absorbs nutrients?
tapeworms
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what is the #1 reason a dog has issues with erythropoiesis?
poor diet - either poor quality or not enough; could have gingivitis causing the dog not to eat
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what is Garbage Can Syndrome considered?
gastroenteritis
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what are the two types of anemia?
- regenerative anemia
- non-regenerative anemia
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describe the RBCs on a blood smear indicative of regenerative anemia
- reticulocytes
- anisocytosis
- polychromasia
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what is meant by regenerative anemia?
can be "cured" once the cause is removed, such as fleas, and new RBCs can once again be produced through erythropoeisis
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what is meant by non-regenerative anemia?
the amount of erythropoiesis is insufficient for the degree of anemia
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what is involved with non-regenerative anemia?
CIN - chronic interstitial nephritis
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what is the only way to distinguish between regenerative and non-regenerative anemia?
viewing the RBC morphology on a blood smear under the microscope
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what is the normal amount of reticulocytes in canine blood?
0.5-1%
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what are the two causes of regenerative anemia?
- blood loss dues to trauma
- hemolytic anemia
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what form of anemia is aplastic anemia?
non-regenerative anemia
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what does aplastic anemia cause?
irreversible damage to the bone marrow
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what are another two causes for aplastic anemia?
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what seven things can cause non-regenerative anemia?
- aplastic anemia
- kidney damage
- internal parasites
- poor nutrition
- drugs
- lymphosarcoma
- bacterial infections
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Lymphosarcamo is a result of what disease?
myeloproliferative disease
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what is in the blood that bacteria love to eat?
iron
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what PCV value suggests a blood transfusion is necessary for a canine?
12% or less
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what PCV value suggests a blood transfusion is necessary for a feline?
10% or less
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why would you NOT give a blood transfusion when the PCV results were close to the indicators?
it allows the patient's body a "chance" to resume erythropoeiesis, otherwise the body will not begin erythropoeiesis since there has been an infusion of RBCs
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what is the kidney also known as, other than renal?
the nephron
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what is the function of the glomerulus?
filters toxins from the blood
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what is the function of the tubule?
maintain hydration
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what sign does the patient display as a result of insufficient circulating RBCs, therefore insufficient hemoblogin and oxygen?
lethargy
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what is the normal PCV value for a cow?
35%
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what is the normal PCV value for a cat?
35-37%
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what is the normal PCV value for a dog?
40-45%
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what is the normal PCV value for a cold blooded horse?
35%
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what is the normal PCV value for a warm blooded horse?
35-42%
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what is the normal PCV value for a hot blooded horse?
42%
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what is the life span of RBCs in a dog?
120 days
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what two illnesses/clinical signs can be determined by the PCV for a horse?
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what three illnesses/clinical signs can be determined by a low PCV value?
- blood loss due to trauma
- hemolytic anemia
- lack of RBC production
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what is the life span of WBCs in a dog?
2-6 hours (<12 hours)
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what happens to iron-only vitamins?
they go straight through the digestive system without being absorbed
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what can interfere with erythropoiesis?
kidney damage
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if anemia is not a disease, then what is it?
sign of an underlying problem
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what is hemolytic anemia?
destruction of RBCs
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what stimulates the production of erythropoietin?
tissue hypoxia
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what is tissue hypoxia?
lack of oxygen in the tissues
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what is glycogen?
the storage form of glucose
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what is the storage form of glucose?
glycogen
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where is glycogen stored?
liver
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what is starch?
the storage form of glucose in plants
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how often should young mammals eat?
every 2-3 hours
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why should young mammals eat often?
immature liver and muscles therefore cannot store glycogen
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why do birds constantly eat?
- little or no liver to store glycogen
- muscles cannot store glycogen to keep them light for flight
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what is lymphocarcoma?
metastasized cancer in the bone marrow
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if a dog's PCV value is low, and the blood smear shows normocytic and normochromic RBCs, what is indicated?
non-regenerative anemia
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what is commonly seen in a blood smear with anemia?
target cells
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what is the anticoagulant of choice for hematologic analysis?
EDTA
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what does EDTA stand for?
etylenediamine tetra-acetic acid
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how do you transfer blood from the needle/syringe to a vial?
- tilt vial so blood runs down the side
- gently mixed to avoid coagulation
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what do you avoid when you transfer blood from needle/syringe to a vial properly?
hemolysis
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how long will blood stay viable in an EDTA vial at room temperature?
8 hours
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how long can blood be refrigerated and stay viable?
24 hours at 4C
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what happens to blood if left sitting in an EDTA vial at room temperature for more than 3 hours?
leukocyte changes
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what is hematocrit?
- same as PCV
- ratio of volume of erythrocytes to whole blood
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what two ways can PCV be determined?
- 1. macromethod
- 2. micromethod
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what is the macromethod for calculating PCV?
well mixed anticoagulated whole blood placed in Wintrobe hematocrit tube and centrifuged at 2500 G for 30 min
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what is the micromethod for calculating PCV?
capillary tube centrifuged at 10,000-13,000 G for 5 min
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what are the two types of capillary tubes used?
- heparinized
- non-heparinized
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what is on the rim of a heparinized capillary tube?
red line
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what is on the rim of a non-heparinized capillary tube?
nothing
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what are the two types of capillary tube sealers?
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what is in the buffy coat?
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How do you distinguish the buffy coat in a centrifuged vial?
above the RBCs and below the serum
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where can you see microfilaria in a capillary tube if they are present?
above the buffy coat
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what is the most frequent cause of hemolysis?
poor technique in blood sample collection
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what are the steps to run a PCV?
- 1. capillary tube filled 60-75%
- 2. seal one end with clay
- 3. place in centrifuge with clay point away from the center
- 4. spin 5 min
- 5. remove and observe only the RBCs
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what are the components in plasma?
- hormones
- enzymes
- antibodies
- transport proteins
- coagulation factors
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what is a special word for dehydration?
hypovolemia
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what is the actual definition for hypovolemia?
low blood volume hence, dehydration
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what are the two methods for blood smear prepping?
- 1. cover slip
- 2. glass slide
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what is show in a great distribution on a peripheral blood smear?
WBCs
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what three factors control the thickness of a blood smear?
- 1. angle of spreader slide
- 2. speed of spreading
- 3. size of blood drop
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what is the most common stain used for blood?
Wright stain
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what are the steps to estimate the total WBC count from a blood smear?
- 1. use 50X objective
- 2. count number of leukocytes in each of ten fields
- 3. use formula >>> average number of WBC counted per field X 2,000
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what is the formula for estimating total WBC count?
average number of WBC counted per field X 2,000
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what are the steps to estimate the platelet count?
- 1. use 100X objective
- 2. count number of platelets in each of ten fields
- 3. use formula >>> average number of platelets counted per field X 20,000
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what is the formula for estimating total platelet count?
average number of platelets counted per field X 20,000
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