Monera

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Monera/Prokaryotes
- Bacteria are single celled
- Classified based on their shape
- Two types, archea and bacteria
- Archea are more closely related to eukaryotes
- All lack membrane bound organelles
- No nucleus, nucleoid region in which the genome consists is a single circular piece of DNA
Rod Shapped

Bacilli
Spherical

Coco
Plasmids
- Small circular pieces o extracellular DNA
- Replicate independently of central DNA
- Allow prokaryotes to uptake new DNA and adapt to harsh external conditions
Gram Staining
- Commonly used to separate bacteria into two groups
- Gram positive have thick peptidoglycon cell walls and old stain, no outer membrane
- Gram negative stains have thin petigoglycon cell walls, and outer membrane
Capsule
- Layer of sticky polysaccharides found around cell membrane and cell wall
- Help attach to things and pathogenic bacteria use this to avoid detection by the immune system because they look organic
Bacteria Reproduction
- Reproduce via binary fission
- Asexually
- Can exchange genetic into through conjugation but occurs separate from cell division
Obligate Anerobes

Cannot survive in the presence of oxygen
Facultative anerobes
- Photosynthetic, using light to generate E and produce their own nutrients
- Can become anaerobic if without oxygen, but gives much less energy
Chemoautotrophs

Energy from chemicals and make their own nutrients
Chemoheterophs

Consume organic molecule for C and energy soure gets glucose from environment