-
4 vertebral column movements
3 spinal problems
- Flexion-vt column closer together, crunch
- Extension-dorsal surface closer, backbend
- Lat. flexion-sideways, bend left & right
- Rotation-rotating around a central axis
- Lordosis-lordotic curve, lumbar & cervical,swayback
- Kyphosis-kyphotic cureve,exagerated ant. or thoracic curve, hunchback
- Scoliosis-abnormal lateral curve
-
Scapular attachments & function
- Originate axial skeleton, insert on clavicle & scapula. Vetebral skull, sternum, rib cage
- Function-Hold scapula to trunk, body wall
-
Scapular movements
- Upward rotate(arms over head, scapula rolls up Trap, serratus anterior
- Downward Rotate(scap rolls down and in midline)
- Protraction(aBduction)Arms row forward.(pec minor, subclavius of clav, serratus anterior
- Retraction(ADduction)Arms row backward.(Rhom major, minor, trap
- Elevation(shoulders up to ears)Levator Scap, trap
- Depression(shoulder down away ear)Trap
-
Vertebral extensor muscles
- Spino Transversalis group- most superficial
- Splenius Capitis- SK, LF, RH-head
- Splenius Cervices- N, LF, R, N-neck
-
Central body wall Function
Ventral
Lateral
Subvertebral
- Ventral- Hyoid; swallowing, speaking
- Lateral- Scalenes; active breathing,lat. flex cerv. vert. elevate ribs, pass through brachial pexus & subclavian artery(caution)
- Subvertebral - Longus Colli; Flex neck
-
Vertebral Extensor muscles
Erector spinae group
- Erector Spinae Group
- Iliocostalis- LF, Neck
- Longissimus- LF, Skull
- Spinalis- Ext, Skull
-
Thoracic body wall function
Ventral, Lateral, Subvertebral
- Ventral- Sternalis, 8% population, rib movement
- Lateral- Iliocostalis; breathing,
- Diapragm; passive breathing, seperates thoracic and abdominopelvic(above chest, below abdomen) forms floor of thorax
- Subvertebral- Longus Colli; Flex neck
-
Vertebral extensor muscles
Transversospinalis group
- Transversospinalis group
- Semispinalis- Ext, Skull
- Mutifidus- Ext, goes up to C2
-
Abdominal Body wall muscles
Ventral, lateral, subvertebral
- Ventral
- Rectus Abd; flex, compress abs
- Lateral. Linea alba connects left to right. DCT
- Lat.Ext. oblique; expiration,compress, rotate opposite side. Run down, inward(ex to sex)
- Internal oblique; flex, rotate, compress. Fibers run up, in (in to chin)
- Transverse oblique; compress. Fibers run across, horizontally.
- Quadratus lumborum; flex, extend
- Subvertebral
- Psoas major; flex hip
-
muscle attachments Spino Transversalis group
Splenius capitis, splenius cervicis
- Capitis; from upper trunk to head (splendid head massage
- Cervicis; upper trunk to neck
-
muscle attachments Erector Spinae group
Iliocostalis, Longissimus, Spinalis
- Iliocostalis; Lateral muscle. Sacrum & ilium to neck along ribs
- Longissimus; Middle not meidal. Sacrum & ilum to head
- Spinalis; Medial(Spinalis by spine)Only extends to medial to flex. Upper lumbar Vert to skull along spinous process
-
Muscle attchments Transversospinalis group
Semispinalis, Multifidus,
- Semispinalis; thoracic vert to skull. No lateral flexcion. Superficial to suboccipitals
- Multifidus; sacrum & ilium to C2 along transvers & spinous process. inferior to suboccipitals not deeper. Deepest muscle in thoracic region. Extends vert column, postural support, proprioceptive monitors
-
5 muscles of Mastication & movement
- Temporalis- largest, chewing
- Masseter- muscular sling, elevates mandible
- Medial pterygoid- deep muscular sling, elevate mandible, laterallyu moves mandible
- Lateral pterygoid- protrudes mandible
- Digastricus- Depress mandible, elevate hyoid, aid in swallowing
-
Temporalis
- Largest muscle for chewing
- Attach mandible, frontal, parietal, temporal & sphenoid bone
- Passes deep to zygomatic arch (under not over)
- Elevates mandible
-
Masseter
- Attach angle of mandible & zygomatic arch
- Muscular sling, around angle of mandible
- Doesn't touch shenoid or attach
- Elevates mandible
-
Medial pterygoid
- Attach angle of mandible to sphenoid bone
- Deeper part muscular sling around angle of mandible
- Elevate mandible
- Laterally move mandible(tight right goes left)
-
Lateral pterygoid
- Attach mandible to spenoid bone
- Protrudes mandible
-
Digastricus
- 2 muscle bellies,pull both directions
- Depress mandible
- Elevate hyoid bone
- Aid in swallowing
-
Muscles of facial expression
- Occipitofrontalis
- Orbicularis Oculi
- Orbicularis Oris
- Levator labii superioris
- Zygomaticus major and minor
- Platysma
-
extra muscles of facial expression
- Nasalis; compress side nose to close
- Levator Labii Superioris; lift upper lip, snarling
- Buccinator; pull cheeks in, fish face
- Risorius;angle of mouth lat. joker face smile
- Depressor anguli oris; frowning, angle down
- Depressor labii inferioris; pouting, lower lip
- Mentalis; wrinkle skin over chin, look of concern
-
Occipitofrontalis
- Occipitals to front of head
- more of a tendon
- 2 bellies; frontal wrinkle forehead skin and raise eyebrows
-
Orbicularis Oculi
- Circle muscle around eye
- Close eyes tightly, squinting
-
Orbicularis Oris
- Muscle around mouth
- Pucker, seal lips together
-
Zygomatic major and minor
- Major; connected corner
- Minor; connected upper lip
- Pull angle of mouth upward and laterally
- Smiling
-
Platysma
- Depresses mandible and tightens skin over anterior neck
- Flair neck out
-
Aponeurosis of body wall
Ingiunal ligament
Linea Alba
- Aponeurosis- broad flat tendon
- Inguinal ligament- tendinous inferior edge ext. oblique aponeurosis. attaches between 2 diff. bones, ant. superior iliac crest and pubic tubercle
- Linea alba- Point of attachment for abdominal muscles. runs down middle veritally connecting left right sides rectus.
-
Aponeurosis, inguinal ligament attchement abdominal walls
- Rectus abdominus- linea connect left, right
- External oblique- Apon. passes ant to rectus before attaching linea alba
- Internal oblique- Splits passes both ant & post to rectus, before attaching linea
- Transversus Abdominus- passes post to rectus before attaching line
-
Quatratus Lumborum muscle
Lateral body wall muscle
- Ant. to Multifidus
- Origin, post to iliac crest
- insertion, 12th rib & transvers processe of lumbar vert.
- Does not attach linea alba
- Unilateral- lat flex vert column
- Bilateral- extend lumbar vert column (deepens curve)
-
Subvertebral body wall muscle
Psoas Major muscle
- Ant & medial to QL
- origin, bodies & transverse processes of lumbar vert
- insertion, lesser trochanter of femur
- Flexes hip
- Lateral hip rotation (Charlie Chaplin walk)
- Exaggerates lumber curve
-
Scapular muscles
Roger Rabbit Likes To Smoke Pot @ 3:45 Sharp
- 7 muscles originate on axial skeleton and insert on clavicle and scapula
- All stabalize
- Rhomboid major, minor; Retraction, DR, Stab
- Levator Scapulae; Elevate, LF, S
- Serratus Anterior; UR, ABduction (prot), S
- Trapezius; UR, Retraction, Elevate, Depression, Extension
- Pectoralis minor; ABduction, DR, forced breathing
- Sebclavius; Downward Rotate clavicle
-
Axial skeleton
- Vertebrae
- Skull
- Sternum
- Ribcage
-
Rhomboideus major
- O: spinous processe of T2-T5
- I:medial margin scapula, between spine and inferior angle
- Retraction, Downward Rotate, Stabalize Scapula
- Immediately deep to trap
- Lies between trap & erector spinae
-
Rhomboideus minor
- O: spinous processes of C7-T1
- I: medial margin of scapula at base of scapular spine
- Retraction, Downward Rotate, Stabalize
- Lies between trap & erector Spinae
- Smaller than Major, superior to major
-
Levator Scapulae
- O: Transverse processe of C1-C4
- I:sup. angle and upper med. margin of scapula
- Elevation, Lat neck flex, Stabalize
- Trap is superficial to this muscle
-
Trapezius muscle
- O: base of occiput. Spinous processe C7, T1-T12
- I: Lat. 1/3 of clavicle, acromion scapular spine
- Retraction, upward, elevation, depression, extend head and neck, stabalize
- Most superficial. directly superficial to levator and rhomboids. Does not cross shoulder joint
-
Serratus Anterior
- O: outer surface ribs 1-9
- I: Medial margin of scapula
- Protraction(aBduction), upward R, stabalize
- Anterior to scapula
- forms medial wall of axilla
- forms lateral wall of thorax(chest)
-
Pectoralis minor
- O: ribs 3,4,5
- I: Coracoid process of scapula
- ABduction(protraction), Downward R, active in forced breathing, stabalize
- Deep to and smaller than pec major
- found on anterior chest wall
-
Subclavius muscle
- O: 1st rib
- I: inferior middle clavicle
- Donward R of clavicle, stabalize
- Below clavicle
-
Movement of shoulder joint?
- Flexion-forward (angle joint decreases)
- Extension-Backward (angle joint increases)
- ABduction-away from body
- ADduction- towards body
- Medial rotation- roll inward
- Lateral rotation-roll outward
-
SITS muscles
rotator cuff muscles, ball and socket joint
articulation: head of humerus with glenoid cavity of scapula
All insert on Greater Tuercle of humerus except Subscapularis is on Lesser Tubercle
Weakest ligamentous joint for mobility
- Supraspinatus ABD, stabalize
- Infraspinatus; LR, stabalize
- Teres major: LR, stabalize
- Subscapularis: MR, stabalize
-
Suprispnatus
- O: supraspinous fossa
- I: Greater tubercle of humerus
- Abduction, stabalize
- fills supraspinous
- performs 1st 10 degrees of aBduction
- 1 of 2 aBductors
- deept to trap
-
Infraspinatus
- O: Infraspinous fossa
- I: greater tubercle of humerus
- Lateral rotation, stabalize
- 1 of 2 lateral rotator of shoulder
-
Teres Minor
- O: lateral margin of scapula
- I: greater tubercle of humerus
- Lateral rotation, stabalize
- superior and smaller than teres major
- 1 of 2 lateral rotators of cuff
-
Subscapularis muscle
- O: subscapular fossa
- I: lesser tubercle of humerus
- Medial rotation, stabalize
- Sandwiched between scapula & serratus
- Only rotator cuff muscle to attach to lesser trochanter
-
Shoulder cap
Deltoid muscle
- O: spine of scapula, lateral 1/3 of clavicle, acromion
- I: Deltoid tuberosity
- ABduction, extension, flexion, medial R, lateral R, (no ADduction)
- Forms superficial "cap" shoulder
- covers insertion of rotator cuff muscles
- Deltoid origin is same as trap insertion
- Cannot ADduct muscle from anatomical post
-
Intertubercular Groove Muscles (ITG)
"2 majors and a ladymiss"
Common function: rotation, aDduction of shoulder
- Pectoralis major: Flexion of extended shoulder, medial R, shoulder ADduction
- Latissimuss Dorsi: Extension of a flexed shoulder, medial rotate, shoulder aDduction
- Teres Major: same as latts
-
Pectoralis Major
- O: medial 1/2 of clavicle and sternum
- I: ITG groove
- Flexion of extended shoulder, medial R, shoulder ADduction
- pec major superficial to pec minor
- forms anterior wall of axilla space
-
Teres Major
- O: inferior angle and lateral margin of scapula
- I: ITG groove
- Extension of a flexed shoulder, medial rotation, shoulder ADduction
- inferior to Teres Minor
- forms posterior wall axilla space
-
Latissimus Dorsi
- O: spinous processes T7-(acrum)sacral processes and posterior iliac crest
- I: ITG groove
- Extension of flexed shoulder, medial rotation, shoulder ADduction
- Swimmers muscles
- only muscle more superficial to this is Traps
- Aponeurosis at lumbar area
-
Elbow joint- very stable lots of ligaments
Articulation: 3 places
Ligaments: 3
Articulation: humero-ulnar joint-humeroraradial joint, proximal radio-ulnar joint
- Ligaments
- Ulnar collateral-stabilize medial side elbow
- Radial collateral-Stabalize latera side elbow
- Annular- anchors, stabilizes proximal radioulnar joint
-
Movements of elbow joint
- Flexion
- Extension
- Supination -turn palms up
- Pronation- turn palms down
-
Anterior Brachial Compartment muscles, 3
- Coracobrachialis- Shoulder flexion (crosses front side shoulder joint
- Brachialis- Fexion of elbow
- Biceps Brachii- Should Flexion, Elbow Flexion, supination
-
Coracobrachialis
- O: coracoid process
- I: Medial shaft of humerus
- Shoulder flexion (crosses front shoulder)
- crosses 1 joint= shoulder
- lateral wall axilla space
- deep to biceps brachii
-
Brachialis
- O: Anterior distal 1/2 humerus(front)
- I: Ulmar tuberosity of Ulna
- Elbow Flexion
- crosses 1 joint= elbow
- deep to biceps brachii
-
Biceps Brachii
- O: short head coracoid process, long head supraglenoid tubercle
- I: Radial tuberosity of radius
- Shoulder Flexion, Elbow Flexion, Supination
- Crosses 3 joints= shoulder, elbow, proximal radial ulnar joint
- doesn't attach to humerus
-
Posterior Brachial compartment muscles
Triceps Brachii
- O: infraglenoid tubercle, posterior humeral shaft 2X
- I: Olecranon process of ulna
- Shoulder Extension, elbow Extension
- Scrosse the shoulder joint at infraglenoid cavity
- to stretch flex shoulder and elbow
-
Axilla Space wall
Posterior, Medial, Anterior, Latera
- Posterior: Teres major, subscapularis, latissimus dorsi
- Medial: Serratus anterior
- Anterior: Pectoralis major and minor
- Lateral: Coracobrachialis
-
Wrist joint is ellipsoid
Movement of wrist
- Flexion, extension
- ABduction or radial deviation= thumb moving away from body
- ADduction or ulnar deviation= pinky moving in toward body
-
Finger joints= proximal joint at base of finger more mobile, two distal joint in finger less mobice
Metacarpophalangeal (MP) joint movements
- Extension= open hand at fingers
- Flexion=close hand at fingers
- ABduction=pull fingers apart
- ADduction+ place finger together
-
Anterior compartment antebrachium
common action
common attachment
- Action: Wrist Flexion, Finger flexion
- Attachment: Medial epicondyle of humerus
-
Posterior compartment antebrachium
common action
common attachment
- Action: Wrist Extension and digits
- Attachment: Lateral epicondyle of humerus
-
Digitiminimi
Hypothenar
Indicis
-
Hip joint= ball and socket, good ROM
Articulations
LIgaments
- Artuculation: head of femur, acetabulum of os coxae
- Ligaments: pubofemoreal, iliofemoral, ischiofemoral
-
Deep hip Rotator muscles
Start right under Gluteus minimus
They all do Horizontal ABduction flexed thigh
Lateral rotation hip
Quadratus only does Lateral rotation hip
Common attach: Greater trochanter femur
- Gotta- gluteus minimus(not a DHRM)
- Pee- Piriformis
- G- Gemellus superior
- O- Obturator Internus
- G- Gemellus inferior
- 0- Obturator externus
- Quickly- Quadratus Femors
-
Movement of hip joint
- Flexion
- Extension
- ABduction, bone up toward PSIS
- Adduction
- Medial rotation- turn feet into each other
- Lateral rotation- turn feet away each other (duck walk)
-
Piriformis- DHRotator
- O: anterior surface sacrum
- I: Greater Trochanter femur
- Horizontal ABduction flexed thigh
- Lateral rotation hip
- most superior DHR
- sciatic nerve is deep to pririformis, superficial to all other DRH's
-
Superior Gemellus-DHRotator
- O: ischial spine
- I: Greater trochanter femur
- Horizontal ABduction flexed thigh
- Lateral rotation hip
- between pririformis & obtrurator internus
- scatic nerve superficial or superior Gemulles is deep to sciatic nerve
-
Obturator Internus- DHRotator
- O: obturator foream
- I: Greater trochanter femur
- Horizontal ABduction of flexed thigh
- Lateral rotation of hip
- between Gemelli muscles
- deep to sciatic nerve
-
Inferior Gemellus- DHRotator
- O: upper protion of ischial tuberosity
- I: Greater trochanter femur
- Horizontal ABDuction of flexed thigh
- Lateral rotation of hip
- between orturator internus and externus
- deep to sciatic nerve
-
Quadratis Femoris- DHRotator
- O: lateral superior portion of schial tuberosity
- I: Greater trochanter femur
- Lateral rotation hip
- Most inferior DHR muscle
-
Obturator Internus- DHRotator
- O: Obturator foramen
- I: Greater trochanter femur
- Horizontal Abduction flexed thigh
- Lateral rotation hip
- Most anterior DHR
-
Gluteal Muscles
common action: hip aBduction
- Gluteus minimus- Hip aBduction, Med RT hip
- Gluteus Medius- Hip aBduction, Med RT hip
- Gluteus Maximus- Hip aBduction, Lat RT hip, Extension hip/thigh
- Tensor Fascia Latae- Hip aBduction, flexion hip, Med RT hip, weak lat. rt hip
-
Gluteus Minimus
- O: between anterior, inferior Gluteal lines ilium
- I: Anterior surface Greater Trochanter
- Hip aBduction, medial rotation hip
- deepest gluteal muscle
-
Gluteus Medius
- O: between anterior, posterior gluteal lines ilium
- I: Greater Trochanter femur
- Hip aBduction, medial rotation hip
- deep to maximus, superficial to minimus
-
Gluteus Maximus
- O: ilium posterior iliac crest, lateral side sacrum & coccyx
- I: upper 2/3 to iliotibial tract(IT band) lower 1/3 to gluteal tuberosity
- Hip aBduction, lateral rotation hip, extendion hip/thigh
-
Tensor Fascia Latae
- O: outer lip anterior iliac crest, ASIS
- I: Iliotibial tract (IT band)
- Hip aBduction, flexion hip,medial rotation hip
- only has 1 bony attachment
-
Hip flexor musches
common action: hip flexion
- psoas major: powerful hip flexion, deepens lumbar curve, weak lateral rotation
- Iliacus: powerful hip flexor, weak lateral rotator
-
Psoas major- Hip flexor
- O: transverse processes of lumbar vert
- I: lesser trochanter
- powerful hip flexor, weak lateral rotator, deepens lumbar curve
- paro of Iliopsoas (tight psoas=tight back)
-
Iliacus- Hip flexor
- O: superior 1/2 iliac fossa
- I: converges w/psoas major tendon to lesser trochanter
- powerful hip flexor, weak lateral rotator
- part of Iliopsoas
-
Iliotibial bane (IT band)
- thick fascia, deep fascia of thigh
- helps aBductor muscles of hip joint stabilize
-
Knee joint= compound (bicondylar and sadde joint)
Articulations: condyle of femur and condyles of tibia form bicondylar, posterior of patells and patellar surface of femur form saddle joint
Ligament? lots of them
- Fibular (lateral) collateral- stabilize lateral prevents medial flexion(LCL)
- tibial (medial) (MCL) stabilize medial prevent lateral flexion
- Anterior Cruciate (ACL) stabilize knee prevent anterior (sliding) of tibia to femur. limits lateral rotation tibia
- Posterior (PCL)
-
Menisci
- Shock absorption
- fibrocartilaginous disx
-
Knee joint movements
- Extension- leg straight
- Flexion- Knee bent, foot toward glutes
- Rotation
-
Medial thigh compartment= ADDuctors
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Common action: aDduction and lateral or medial rotation hip
Common attachment: pubis, linea aspera
- Pectineus- Hip aDduction, hip flexion
- Adductor Brevis- Hip aDduction, latereal rotate
- Adductor Longus- Hip aDduction, lateral rotate, hip flexion
- Adductor Minimus- Hip aDduction, lateral rotate
- Adductor Magnus- Hip aDduction, lateral rotate, Hip Extension
- Gracillis- Hip aDduction, Knee flexion
-
Pectineus- Adductor
- O: pectineal line pubis
- I: pectineal line femur
- Hip aDduction, hip flexion
- crosses 1 joint
- superficial to adductor brevis
- medial to Iliopsoas
- lateral to adductor longu
-
Adductor Brevis- Adductor
- O: Pubic Bone
- I: linea aspera femur (upper 1/3) Attaches posteriorly femur
- Hip aDduction, lateral rotation
- deep to pectineus & adductor longus
-
Adductor Longus- Adductor
- O: Pubic bone
- I: linea aspera femur (1/3 middle)(attaches posteriorly femur
- Hip aDduction, lateral rotation, hip Flexion
- anterior & superficial to Brevis adductor
- medial to pectineus
-
Adductor Minimus- Adductor
- O: Inferior pubic ramus
- I: medial margin gluteal tuberosity
- Hip aDduction, lateral rotation
- superior portion o adductor magnus
-
Adductor Magnus- Adductor
- O: ischial ramus of schium and lateral surface ischial tuberosity
- I: entire length linea aspera & adductor tubercle
- Hip aDduction, lateral rotation, extension hip
- only adductor to attach to ischium
- largest most powerful hip adductor
-
Gracilis- Adductor
- O: lower 1/2 pubis
- I: medial to tibial tuberosity (pes anserine)
- Hip aDduction, flexion knee(crosses medial back knee)
- crosses 2 joint (hip,knee)
- most medial adductor
- part of pes anserine on tibia
-
Anterior thigh Compartment muscles
V V V R= Quads
common attachment: tibial tuberosity
common action: knee extension
- Vastus intermedius- Knee extension
- Vastus Lateralis- Knee extension
- Vastus Medialis- Knee extension
- Rectus Femoris- Knee extension, hip flexion
- Sartorius(not a quad)- Hip and knee flexion, lateral rotate hip (pes anserine)
-
Vastus intermedisu- Quad
- O: proximal 2/3 anterior and lateral surfaces femur
- I: Tibial tuberosity
- Knee extension
- deep to Rectus femoris
- flex knee to stretch
-
Vastus Lateralis- Quad
- O: lateral aspect linea aspera
- I: Tibial Tuberosity
- Knee extension
- deep to IT band (goes over)
-
Vastus Medialis- Quad
- O: medial side linea aspera
- I: Tibial Tuberosity
- Knee extension
- medial quadriceps muscle
-
Rectus Femoris- Quad
- O: anterior inferior Iliac Spine (ASIS)
- I: Tibial Tuberosity
- Knee extension, hip flexion
- wrecks pattern by crossing hip
- only quad crosses 2 joints=hip, knee
- superficial to Vastus intermedius
-
Sartorius- Not a quad but on anterior thigh
- O: ASIS
- I: medial to tibial tuberosity (pes anserine)
- Hip & knee flexion, lateral rotate hip
- "hacky sack" muschle
- longest muscle in body
- divides posterior and medial compartment
-
Pes Anserine of thigh
3 Medial, Anterior, Posterior
- Gracilis- Medial (aDductor group)
- Sartorius- Anterior (quad group)
- Semitendinosis- Posterior (hamstring group)
-
Posterior Thigh Compartment
BF, Semib, Semit,
common attachment: ischial tuberosity
common action: Hip extension, Knee flexion
all 3 cross 2 joints (hip, knee)
- Biceps Femoris- Knee flexion, hip extension
- Semimembranosus- Knee flexion, hip extension
- Semitendinosus- Knee flexion, hip extension
-
Biceps Femoris- Posterior hamstring
- O: ischial tuberosity, lateral linea aspera
- I: lateral & posterior portion head of fibula
- Knee flexion, hip extension
- most lateral hamstring
- only hamstring attaches to fibula and femur
-
Semimembranosus- posterior hamstring
- O: ischial tuberosity
- I: posterior medial surface medial condyle of tibia
- Knee flexion, hip extension
-
Semitendinosus- posterior hamstring
- O: ischial tuberosity
- I: medial to tibial tuberosity (pes anserine)
- Knee flexion, hip extension
- semitendinosis= long tendon
- intermediate hamstring
-
Ankle joint= hinge (synovial-moveable)
MOvement ankle joint Dorsal, Plantar
Movement tarsal joint, inversion, eversion
- Dorsal flexion -top of foot posterior, foot off ground
- Plantar flexion - bottom foot anterior (point toes)
- Inversion- bottom foot medial
- Eversion- bottom footout lateral
-
Soleus muscle
- powerful plantar flexion ankle
- stretch soleus by beanding knee
- superficial to tibialis posterior
- attaches to calcaneus via the calcaneal tenson (Achilles heel)
- crosses the ankle but not knee
-
Gastrocnemius muscle
- powerful plantar flexion, knee flexion
- superficial to plantaris and soleus
- attaches to calcaneus vis calcaneal tendon
- crosses both ankle and knee joints
-
Plantaris
- plantar flexion (weak) knee flexion (weak)
- attaches to calcaneus but not via the calcaneal tenson
- sandwiched between gastrocnemius and solues
- not a part of calcaneal tenson
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