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1. Terms of Directions
2. At what level do the terms of directions rotate? By what degree? in what direction?
- 1. Dorsal Rostral Caudal Ventral
- 2. Midbrain, 90, clockwise
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Major planes
Horizontal (transverse), Coronal, Sagittal (can also have parasagittal
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Define Afferent:
Carries information toward the CNS (sensory)
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Define Efferent:
Carries information away from the CNS (motor)
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What is white matter consist of?
Axons
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What does gray matter consist of?
Cell bodies
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Define Tract:
Bundle of axons in the CNS
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Define Nerve:
Bundle of axons in the PNS
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Define Nucleus:
Bundle of neurons in the CNS
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Define Ganglion:
Bundle of neurons in the PNS
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The CNS consists of:
The brain, the spinal cord
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The PNS consists of:
The PNS is divided into the ______2 and _______3
1. Spinal nerves and ganglia outside of the brain and spinal cord, this includes all of the cranial nerves except II.
- 2. Autonomic Nervous System (heart, intestines, other organs)
- 3. Somatic Nervous System (Sensation to CNS; Motor from CNS to muscles/glands)
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The brain has these components (5):
- 2 cerebral hemispheres
- cerebral cortex
- lobes (frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital)
- Basal ganglia
- Diencephalon (thalamus and hypothalamus)
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The brainstem has three major components:
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The cortex is made of _______ _______
Gray matter
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The core of the cerebrum is made of _______ ________
White matter
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Define Association Fibers:
Connect different parts of the brain within hemispheres. Example: arcuate fasciculus
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Define Projection Fibers:
These fibers go to and from the cerebrum to the brainstem and thalamus
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Define Commissural Fibers:
Connects hemispheres. For example, the corpus callosum
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The frontal lobe is the _______ lobe and is home to the ________ _______ which houses the ________, a representation of the human body in respects to motor control.
- Largest
- precentral gyrus
- homunculus
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The frontal lobe houses the ______ _____ ______ which controls:
- Primary motor cortex,
- movement (fine and graded) of the arms, legs and face (contralaterally)
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Rostral to the primary motor cortex is the ______ ______ which regulates (2):
- Premotor cortex
- complex/skilled movements & responsiveness of the primary motor cortex
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The anterior portion of the frontal lobe is the ________ _________ and regulates (3):
- Prefrontal cortex
- Personality, mood, cognitive functions (reasoning, abstract thinking, self monitoring, decision making, planning, executive decision making, pragmatic behavior, etc)
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pivotal to expressive language, _____ _____ also resides in the frontal cortex
Broca's area
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The Parietal lobe is concerned with (7):
Spatial orientation, cross-modality integration, memory, recognition, emotive expression, perceptual interpretation & elaboration of somatic sensation
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The Parietal lobe houses the ______ _______ which is known as the _______ _______ ______ and is responsible for somatic sensation perception. These sensations are recognized by the _______ _______ _______, also located in the parietal lobe.
- Postcentral gyrus
- Primary Sensory Cortex
- sensory association cortex
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The occipital lobe contains the:
Primary and secondary visual cortical areas
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The temporal lobe serves in (5):
audition, memory, comprehension of spoken and written language, olfaction & thought collaboration
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The basal ganglia are composed of:
Gray matter
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The basal ganglia regulates:
cortical output processing
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Damage to the basal ganglia can result in (3):
- Parkinson's
- Huntington's
- Tourette's
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The Diencephalon is composed of:
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Damage to the Basal Ganglia can result in (symptoms):
Involuntary movements, difficulty initiation movement and alterations in muscle tone
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The basal ganglia project information from the _____ by way of the ______
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The thalamus relays and processes mostly ______ information and integrates some ______ information.
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The thalamus is not responsible for processing information from the _______, one of the only sensory functions it does not process.
Olfactory system
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Damage to the thalamus can result in ____________ which is associated with ____________ ___________. It's main symptoms are wild, flinging movements, quick jerks, and tics
- Hemiballismus
- hyperkinetic dysarthria
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The hypothalamus controls 4 main areas:
- Autonomic
- Endocrine (hormone production)
- Regulatory
- Drive/Emotion (rage/agression)
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The Hypothalamus controls specific functions like:
body temp, blood volume, food/water intake, body mass, reproduction, regulation of cicardian rhythms, drive and emotion
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The cerebellum contributes to the __________ and __________ and ___________ of skilled motor activity. But does not directly _________ movement.
maintenance, equilibrium and coordination, initiate
Ex: picking up a feather vs. picking up a brick
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