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brianklein
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some neurotransmitters (GABA) have an _____ effect on the _____ ______ neuron
inhibitory; post synaptic
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other neurotransmitters (like acetylcholine) have _____ effects on the post synaptic neuron by ...
excitatory; making it more likely to fire
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the amplitude of an action potential does not vary, but the
number of action potentials propagated per second
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the function of a region is determined by its _____ and _____. As such the extent to which a function can be strictly _______ is a moot point
inputs and outputs; localized
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white matter projecting between different cortical regions in different hemispheres
commisures (ex corpus callosum)
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white matter tracts between cortical and subcortical structures
projection tracts
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brain evolution can be thought of as
adding structures to older ones, rather than replacing older structures with newer ones
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the raised folds of the cortex
gyri
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the buried grooves of the cortex
sulci
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the cerebral cortex consists of two folded sheets of
gray matter organized into two hemispheres
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most of the cortex contains six main cortical layers termed the
neo cortex
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the lateral surface of the cortex of each hemisphere is _____ into _____ lobes. name them
divided; four. frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital
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three different ways in which regions of cerebral cortex may be divided
regions divided by the pattern of gyri and sulci, regions divided by cytoarchitecture, and regions divided by function
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the same pattern of ____ and ____ is found in everyone, though...
gyri and sulci. they are not all the same size and shape
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cytoarchitecture (and brodmans areas)
divides the cortex into areas (approximately 52 areas) based on the distribution of cell types
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regions divided by function
tends to be used for primary and motor areas
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surround and overhang the thalamus in the center of the brain. involved in regulating motor activity and terminating action
basal ganglia
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important for relating the organism to its environment. detects and expresses emotional responses
limbic system
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implicated in the detection of fearful or threatening stimuli.
amygdala
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implicated in the detection of emotional and cognitive conflicts
cingulate gyrus
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particularly important for learning and memory
hippocampus
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two main structures make up the diencephalon
thalamus and hypothalamus
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main sensory relay for all senses between sense organs and the cortex
thalamus
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specialized for different functions such as regulating body temperature, hunger, and thirst, sexual activity, and regulation of endocrine functions
hypothalamus
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structures of the midbrain to consider
superior colliculi, inferior colliculi, cerebellum, pons, medulla oblongata
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integrate information from several senses
superior colliculi
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specialized for auditory processing
inferior colliculi
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the sup colliculi and inf colliculi provide a
fast route that enables rapid orienting to stimuli before the stimulus can consciously be processed
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important for dexterity and smooth execution of movement by integrating motor commands with sensory feedback
cerebellum
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key link between the cerebellum and the cerebrum. receives information from visual areas to control eye and body movements
pons
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regulates vital functions such as breathing, swallowing, heart rate, and the wake-sleep cycle
medulla oblongata
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