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stef1208
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2 classifications of joints
structural and functional
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immovable joint
synarthroses
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slightly movable joint
amphiarthroses
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freely movable joint
diarthroses
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Joint where articulating bones are separated by a fluid-containing joint cavity
synovial
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occur between bones of the skull and use short connective tissue fibers to hold bones together
suture
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fibrous tissue is ossified
synotoses
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bones are connected by ligament (think: lucy - ligament)
syndesmoses
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peg-in-socket fibrous joint (think: clomp around)
gomphosis
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bar or plate of hyaline cartilage united the bones (like epiphyseal plate)
synchondroses
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articular surfaces are covered with articular cartilage fused to an intervening pad or plate of fibrocartilage (playing music on an ipad)
symphyses
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joint containing fluid
synovial joint
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5 features of synovial joint
- 1. articular cartilage at end
- 2. cavity is filled with fluid
- 3. two-layered articular capsule encloses joint cavity
- 4. fluid is viscous, slippery fluid
- 5. reinforcing ligaments
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What type of arthritis is thought to be the result of an autoimmune disorder?
rheumatoid arthritis
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Bags of lubricant that reduce friction at synovial joints.
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Saclike extension of joint capsule between nearby sutures so they slide more easily past each other (think sac--italian for purse)
bursa
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cylinders of connective tissue lined with synovial membrane and wrapped around tendon
tendon sheath
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What determines the movements that occur at synovial joints? (They play a minimum role is stabilizing joint)
shapes of articular surface
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These prevent unwanted or excessive movement at joint; help stabilize joint.
Ligaments
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Keeps tendons crossing joints taut; most important factor stabilizing joints.
Muscle tone
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pointing the toe is a _____ movement
plantar flexion
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circulating your arms, making a cone shape is a _____ movement
circumduction
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limb towards midline is a _________ movement
adduction
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limb away from midline is a _________ movement
abduction
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rotating arm so palm is anterior or superior
supination
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rotating arm so the palm is posterior or inferior
pronation
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twisting foot medially and laterally
inversion, eversion
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moving mandible forward
protraction
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moving mandible back to original position
retraction
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lifting a body part
elevation
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move an elevated body part downward
depression
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movement of pinching thumb and finger together
opposition
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flat surface allowing gliding and transitional movement
plane
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cylindrical projection nesting in a trough-shaped structure; movement along single plane
hinge (think door hinge is cylindrical)
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a rounded structure that protrudes into sleeve; uniaxial rotation of a bone (twists)
pivot
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permits all angular movements; oval articular
condyloid or ellipsoid
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type of joint that bears complementary concave and convex areas
saddle (move freedom of movement than condyloid joints)
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spherical structure in cup-like socket (most freely moving)
ball-and-socket
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3 degrees of freedom
multiaxial (shoulder)
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the three joints making up a knee joint
- -femoropatellar (think: femur, patella)
- -lateral & medial joints between femur condyles
- -tibiofemoral joint (menisci of the tibia)
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Reinforced by muscle tendons
knee capsule
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the most freely moving joint of the body (specific)
shoulder (glenohumeral)
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ligaments that help reinforce shoulder
- -coracohumeral ligament
- -three glenohumeral ligaments
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The tendons that cross the shoulder joint and proved that most stabilizing effect
- -tendon at head of bicep
- -4 tendons at rotator cuff
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the hip (coxal) joint is a ____ type joint
ball-and-socket
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The majority of the stability of the hip joint is due to the deep socket of the ______ and the ______.
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Ligaments of elbow joint
- -annular
- -ulnar collateral
- -radial collateral
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The most common joint injuries are _____ and ____.
sprains & dislocations
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the inflammation of the bursa
bursitis
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inflammation of the tendons; caused by overuse
tendonitis
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breakdown of articular cartilage and thickening of bone tissue
osteoarthritis
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the fixed point in the lever system
fulcrum
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rotation when _____ overcomes _____
effort; resistance
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Types of levers produce either increase in ______ or increase in _____.
speed and force
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mechanical advantage equation
MA = LE / LR
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