lifespan ch 3

any agent that causes a birth defect.

3 factors that determine the impact of the teratogen

a fixed time period very early in development during which certain experiences or events can have long lasting effects on development

first period of prenatal development. takes place in the first two weeks of after conception. it includes the creation of the fertilized egg, cell division, and attatchment of the zygote on the uterine wall.

the period of prenatal development that occurs two to eight weeks after conception. the rate of cell differentiation intensifies, support systems for the cells form and organs appear

lasting about seven months, the prenatal period between two months and birth. fetus becomes active.growth and development continue their dramatic course during this time.

while the organs are being formed in this period they are (anatomically) especially vulnerable to environmental changes in the womb

are especially vulnerable physiologically during this period due to teratogens

effect of caffeine drugs as teratogens

risk of alcohol as teratogen

nicotine as a teratogen

cocaine as a teratogen

meth as a teratogen

pot as a teratogen

heroin as a teratogen

if the fetus' blood is Rh positive and the mother is Rh-negative, the mothers immune system may produce antibodies that will attack the fetus. can result in miscarriage, anemia, jaundice, heart defects, brain damage, etc

mens exposure to lead, radiation, certain pesticides, and petrochemicals may cause abnormalities in sperm that lead to miscarriage or diseases

increase in calories by ___ is satisfactory for a pregnancy

need a minimum of ____ ____ mcg to prevent spina bifida

recommended weight gain during pregnancy

length of pregnancy in weeks

uterine contractions are 15 to 20 minutes apart and last up to 1 minute. the womans cervix stretches and opens. by the end of this stage contractions dilate the cervix to an opening of about 10 cm (4 inches). lasts 6-12 hours

the babys head starts to move through the cervix and the birth canal in this stage. by the time the babys head is out of the mothers body, the contractions come almost every minute and last for about a minute. lasts about 45 min to an hour

when the placenta, umbilical cord, and other membranes are detached and expelled.  lasts only minutes

this method of childbirth uses analgesia, anesthesia, an epidural block, or oxytocin

this method of birth attempts to reduce the mothers pain by decreasing her fear through education about childbirth and relaxation techniques during delivery. avoids medication.

if the baby is in breech position a ____ ____ is performed by cutting an incision made in the mothers abdomen

babies born before the completion of 37 weeks of gestation

babies that weigh less than 5 1/2 pounds at birth

two ways to respond (nurture) low birth weight and preterm infants

skin to skin contact in which the baby, only wearing a diaper, is held upright against the parents bare chest for two to three hours per day.

children with ___ ___ ____ are more likely than normal birth weight counterparts to develop a learning disability, adhd, or breathing problems. 50% of all low birth weight children are enrolled in special education programs

small for gestational age infants, these infants birth weights are below normal when the length of pregnancy is considered. ___ ___ ___ infants may be preterm or full term

widely used method to assess the health of newborns at one and five minutes after birth. the _____ scale evaluates an infant's heart rate, respiratory effort, muscle tone, body color, and reflex irritability. scale of one to two

a measure that is used in the first month of life to assess the newborns neurological development reflexes, and reactions to people and objects.

developed to assess the "at risk" infant. it is especially useful for evaluating preterm infants. provides another assessment of the newborns behavior, neurological and stress responses, and regulatory capacities

characteristic of women who have such strong feelings of sadness, anxiety, or despair that they have trouble coping with daily tasks in the postpartum period

period after childbirth when the mother adjusts, both physically and psychologically, to the process of childbirth. this period lasts for about six weeks or until her body has completed its adjustment and returned to a near prepregnant state

characterized by loss of sleep, dramatic changes in hormone production, uterus returning to its prepregnant size (involution)

emotional fluctuations are common for mother in the postpartum period, emotion fluctuations decrease within several weeks after the delivery but other women experience more long lasting emotional swings

70 percent of new mothers in the US have what is called ___ ____ about two to three days after birth. the feelings may come and go for several months after birth. usually go away after about two weeks.