Motivation - Chapter 5

• the inherent propensity to engage one's interests and to exercise one's capacities and, in doing so, to seek out and master optimal challenges
• present moment

• stimulation
• knowledge
• achievement

higher intrinsic motivation means that a person will spend longer working on a task

this ability is enhanced through intrinsic motivation

• enhanced comprehension and deeper learning occurs when one is intrinsically motivated
• information is thought about and integrated in a flexible, conceptual ways

pursuing intrinsic goals lead to better functioning and greater self-actualization, greater subjective vitality, less anxiety and depression, greater self-esteem, and higher-quality interpersonal relationships.

• arises from some consequence that is separate from the activity itself
• an environmentally created reason to initiate or persist in an action
• future anticipation

the process by which a person learns how to operate effectively in the environment

• environmental event that attracts or repels a person toward or away from initiating a particular course of action
• always precede behaviour
• create an expectation that attractive or unattractive consequences are forthcoming

follow behaviour and increase or decrease the persistence of behaviour

• any extrinsic event that increases behaviour
• decreases drive, decreases arousal, increases arousal, is attractive, produces pleasure, provides an opportunity to do a high-frequency behaviour

any environmental stimulus that, when presented, increases the future probability of the desired behaviour

any environmental stimulus that, when removed, increases the future probability of the desired behaviour

a behaviour that removes us from an aversive stimulus

a behaviour that prevents an aversive stimulus from occurring

any environmental stimulus that, when presented, decreases the future probability of the undesired behaviour

suppresses behaviour by imposing the cost of losing some attractive resources if one engages in the undesirable behaviour

• any offering from one person given to another person in exchange for their service or achievement
• not all rewards are successful (ie. increase behaviour)
• no effect on IM for uninteresting tasks

• immediate compliance
• side effects of negative emotionality, impaired relationship, and negative modelling of effective coping strategies

• undermines future intrinsic motivation
• interferes with deeper learning, seeking optimal challenges, creative thinking, and conceptual understanding, development of autonomous self-regulation
• perceived locus of causality becomes more external

• do not undermine external motivation
• verbal rewards give more information about competence

• no information on competence
• meaning is interpreted by the receiver
• typically undermines IM

• undermines IM if intention is controlling and reminds recipient of controlling aspects
• does not undermine IM if it is informational and gives sense of competence or ways to improve competence

• external events affect not only a person's behaviour but also their psychological needs
• external events that promote an internal perceived locus of causality promote intrinsic motivation because they satisfy the need for autonomy
• external events that increase perceived competence promote intrinsic motivation
• the relative alliance of whiter an event is mostly controlling or mostly informational determines its effects on IM and EM

a state in which the person is neither intrinsically nor extrinsically motivated

• behaviours are performed to obtain a reward or to satisfy some external demand
• difficult time beginning a task without external prompt

• the person acts as a proxy for the external environment, emotionally rewarding and punishing themself
• partial internalization of external pressure

• mostly internalized and autonomous extrinsic motivation
• voluntary acceptance of the merits and utility of a belief or behaviour because it is seen as personally important or useful
• comes about because the rationale behind uninteresting activities is explained

• process through which individuals fully transform their identifies values and behaviours into the self
• self-examination necessary to prong new ways of thinking, feeling, and behaving into an unconflicted congruence without he self's preexisting ways

• a topic-specific motivational state that arises out of attraction to a particular domain of activity
• enhances attention, effort, and learning

triggered by appealing external events and exists as a short-term attraction to an activity

• stable and content-specific
• develops over time as an enduring personal disposition