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Intrinsic Motivation (IM)
- the inherent propensity to engage one's interests and to exercise one's capacities and, in doing so, to seek out and master optimal challenges
- present moment
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Three forms of IM
- stimulation
- knowledge
- achievement
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Persistence
higher intrinsic motivation means that a person will spend longer working on a task
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Creativity
this ability is enhanced through intrinsic motivation
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Conceptual Understanding/High-Quality Learning
- enhanced comprehension and deeper learning occurs when one is intrinsically motivated
- information is thought about and integrated in a flexible, conceptual ways
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Optimal Functioning and Well-Being
pursuing intrinsic goals lead to better functioning and greater self-actualization, greater subjective vitality, less anxiety and depression, greater self-esteem, and higher-quality interpersonal relationships.
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Extrinsic Motivation (EM)
- arises from some consequence that is separate from the activity itself
- an environmentally created reason to initiate or persist in an action
- future anticipation
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Operant conditioning
the process by which a person learns how to operate effectively in the environment
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Incentive
- environmental event that attracts or repels a person toward or away from initiating a particular course of action
- always precede behaviour
- create an expectation that attractive or unattractive consequences are forthcoming
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Consequences
follow behaviour and increase or decrease the persistence of behaviour
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Reinforcer
- any extrinsic event that increases behaviour
- decreases drive, decreases arousal, increases arousal, is attractive, produces pleasure, provides an opportunity to do a high-frequency behaviour
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Positive Reinforcer
any environmental stimulus that, when presented, increases the future probability of the desired behaviour
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Negative Reinforcers
any environmental stimulus that, when removed, increases the future probability of the desired behaviour
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Escape Behaviours
a behaviour that removes us from an aversive stimulus
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Avoidance Behaviour
a behaviour that prevents an aversive stimulus from occurring
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Punisher
any environmental stimulus that, when presented, decreases the future probability of the undesired behaviour
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Response cost
suppresses behaviour by imposing the cost of losing some attractive resources if one engages in the undesirable behaviour
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Rewards
- any offering from one person given to another person in exchange for their service or achievement
- not all rewards are successful (ie. increase behaviour)
- no effect on IM for uninteresting tasks
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Do Punishers Work?
- immediate compliance
- side effects of negative emotionality, impaired relationship, and negative modelling of effective coping strategies
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Hidden costs of reward
- undermines future intrinsic motivation
- interferes with deeper learning, seeking optimal challenges, creative thinking, and conceptual understanding, development of autonomous self-regulation
- perceived locus of causality becomes more external
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Unexpected and (some) verbal rewards
- do not undermine external motivation
- verbal rewards give more information about competence
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Tangible rewards
- no information on competence
- meaning is interpreted by the receiver
- typically undermines IM
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Feedback
- undermines IM if intention is controlling and reminds recipient of controlling aspects
- does not undermine IM if it is informational and gives sense of competence or ways to improve competence
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Cognitive Evaluation Theory
- external events affect not only a person's behaviour but also their psychological needs
- external events that promote an internal perceived locus of causality promote intrinsic motivation because they satisfy the need for autonomy
- external events that increase perceived competence promote intrinsic motivation
- the relative alliance of whiter an event is mostly controlling or mostly informational determines its effects on IM and EM
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Amotivation
a state in which the person is neither intrinsically nor extrinsically motivated
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External Regulation
- behaviours are performed to obtain a reward or to satisfy some external demand
- difficult time beginning a task without external prompt
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Introjected Regulation
- the person acts as a proxy for the external environment, emotionally rewarding and punishing themself
- partial internalization of external pressure
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Identified Regulation
- mostly internalized and autonomous extrinsic motivation
- voluntary acceptance of the merits and utility of a belief or behaviour because it is seen as personally important or useful
- comes about because the rationale behind uninteresting activities is explained
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Integrated Regulation
- process through which individuals fully transform their identifies values and behaviours into the self
- self-examination necessary to prong new ways of thinking, feeling, and behaving into an unconflicted congruence without he self's preexisting ways
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Interest
- a topic-specific motivational state that arises out of attraction to a particular domain of activity
- enhances attention, effort, and learning
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Situational interest
triggered by appealing external events and exists as a short-term attraction to an activity
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Individual interest
- stable and content-specific
- develops over time as an enduring personal disposition
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