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anatomy2012
on FreezingBlue Flashcards.
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Well preserved brain at Cornell University?
NO
Edward Titchener, 3lb brain
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Canadian Brain Surgeon touched peoples brain and found memory stored on surface of brain
NO
Dr. Wilder Penfield
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Individual cells in the nervous system that communicate with one another to perform information processing tasks (communicate without touching, many shapes and sizes)
Neurons
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Neurons that are less than 1 millimeter in length are where
your brain
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Neurons that are more than a meter in length are where
finger to spinal cord, tip of toe to spinal cord
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what are the 3 components of a neuron?
Cell body, dendrite, axon
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coordinates the information-processing tasks and keeps the cell alive: functions such energy production, protein synthesis, and metabolism
Cell body (soma)
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cell body contains and is surrounded by
- a nucleus houses chromosomes that contain DNA (genetic blue print)
- surrounded by a porous semi-permeable membrane
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neurons have two types of specialized extensions of the cell membrane which allow them to communicate
- Dendrites (means tree)
- Axon (it acts on)
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receives info from other neurons and relay it to the cell body have many of these
Dendrites (look like tree branches)
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transmits info to other neurons, muscles or glands. There is only one of these per neuron and it can be very long up to a meter
Axon (it acts on)
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support cells found in the nervous system
Glial cells
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10 to 50 times more of these than neurons - they clean up dead neruons and provede nutritional support for the neurons
glial cells
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some of these form the myelin sheath
glial cells
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an insulating layer of fatty material around the axon that speeds conduction and more efficiently transmit signals to other neurons, organs and muscles
Myelin Sheath
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segments of axon between sections of myelin, which cause action potential to JUMP and thus speed conduction
nodes of ranvier
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What happens in a demyelinating disease (multiple sclerosis)
the myelin sheath deteriorates, causing a slowdown in the transmission of information from one neuron to another which leads to: loss of feeling in limbs, partial blindness, and difficulty in coordinating movement
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Small gap b/w the axon of one neuron and the dendrites of another neuron is the
A synapse
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what is the sequence in the transmission between neurons
dendrite - cell body - axon - synapse - dendrite - cell body - axon - synapse
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_______ is fundamental to communication between neurons a process that allows us to think, feel and behave
the transmission across the synapse
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When we talk about _____ _______ transmission among neurons we mean what
electrochemical - the axon flings the chemicals into the synapse - its electricity that sets it off in the neuron
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what are the three major types of neurons
sensory neurons, motor neurons, interneurons
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these neurons receive info from the external world and convey this info to the brain via the spinal cord
sensory neurons
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these have specialized endings on their dendrites that receive signals for light, sound, touch, taste, and smell
- sensory neurons
- (endings are terminal buttons)
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carry signals from the spinal cord to the muscles to produce movement. have long axons that can stretch to muscles and extremities
Motor neurons
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contact sensory neurons, motor neurons and other ______ most of the nervous system is composed of these
interneurons
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communication within and between neurons proceeds in two stages
NO
conduction and transmission - together they are referred to as electrochemical action or process
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first step in electrochemical action or process
NO
the signal is received and initiates electrical conduction down the axon
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second step in electrochemical action or process
NO
signal travels chemically across the synapse to the next neuron
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third step in electrochemical action/process
NO
charged molecules or ions flow across the cell membrane differentially to set up the resting potential - this flow of ions across the cell membrane is controlled by opening and closing small channels that are specific to each ion
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At rest their is a higher concentration of ______ on the inside of the cell and ______ on the outside of the cell
NO
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the difference in electric charge b/w the inside and outside of a neurons cell membrane - its -70 millivolts
NO
resting potential
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an electrical signal that is conducted along the length of a neuron's axon to they synapse. input must pass a _____ to activate an ______ _____
NO
- threshold
- action potential
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time following an action potential during which a new action potential cannot be initiated
NO
Refractory period
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knoblike structures that branch out from the axon and pass neurotransmitters across the synapse
terminal buttons
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chemicals that transmit information across the synapse to receiving neuron's dendrites or soma
neurotransmitters
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some neurotransmitters are ______ and some are ________
- excitatory (speeds up)
- inhibitory (slows down)
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individual nerve cell
neuron
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bunch of neurons are a
nerve
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long thin tubular bundle of nervous tissue and support cells that extends from the brain -- does not extend the entire length of the vertebral column. Lots of nerves together go through the ______ and equal the
spinal cord
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what is included in the CNS
- brain (100 billion neurons)
- spinal cord
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what is included in the PNS
- somatic nervous system
- autonomic nervous system
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the nervous system responsible for all the voluntary things we do (skeletal muscles)
ALSO
a set of nerves that conveys information into and out of the central nervous system
somatic (body) nervous system (SNS)
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the nervous system that is involuntary and takes care of itself
- autonomic nervous system
- breath, pump blood, digestion
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two components of the autonomic nervous system
- parasympathetic (rest and digest)
- sympathetic (fight or flight, arousing)
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Act as a lock and key system - part of the cell membrane that receive neurotransmitters
- Receptors
- (right chemicals have to go to the right receptors to work)
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An interacting network of neurons that conveys electrochemical information throughout the body
nervous system
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very complex, creates and directs all of our emotions. Different areas direct different parts of our body. All the different parts work at the same time
brain
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it is around 45 cm (18 in) in men and 43 cm (17in) in women
spinal cord
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has varying width, from 1/2 inch thick in the cervical and lumbar regions to 1/4 inch thick in the thoracic area.
spinal cord
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coordinates breathing, pain, movement and other functions
spinal cord
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simple pathways in the nervous system that travel through the spinal cord and on to the brain
NO
spinal reflexes
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damage to the spinal cord severs the connection from the brain to sensory and motor neurons essential to sensory perception and movement
NO
spinal reflexes
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connects the central nervous system to the bodys organs and muscles
PNS
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the highest level of the brain, controlling complex cognitive emotional sensory and motor functions
the forebrain
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the outermost layer of the brain,and divided into two hemispheres. 4 or 5 levels thick, memory stored here
cerebral cortex
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the largest commissure, it connects large areas of the cerebral cortex on each side of the brain and supports communication of information across the hemispheres
corpus callosum
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relays and filters information from the senses and transmits the information to the cerebral cortex. Its the old time phone operator plugging the things (cords) into right places to work.
Thalamus
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regulates four factors of behavior: fighting, fleeing, feeding, and mating
- Hypothalamus
- (below thalamus)
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what do the brains convolutions (bumps) do?
increase surface area of brain to store lots of info
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The master gland of the bodys hormone-producing system, which releases hormones that direct the functions of many other glands in the body
pituitary gland
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critical for creation and storage of new memories
NO
hipppcampus
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which plays a central role in many emotional processes
NO
amygdala
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this system is another way to communicate
Chemical system interacting with nervous system in order to balance and regulate body and functions
endocrine system
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chemical substances transmitted/secreted in reaction to information intake (stimulated)
hormones
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the science of heredity
genetics
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____ genetics is the study of the influence of genetics on behavior
behavioral
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is the genetic code for you
DNA
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two double helix structures, two spirals, mechanism by which life starts and is passed on from generation to generation
NO
DNA
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an individual unit of hereditary transmission which is built from DNA
Gene
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Strands of DNA wound around each other in a double helix configuration
chromosomes
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there are 8,388,608 possible combinations of the _______ pairs of chromosomes
NO
23
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There are innumerable possible combinations of ________
NO
genes
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says multiple genes (many genes work together to produce height)
polygenic traits
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what is it called when genes come together from mom and dad and line up with their corresponding genes for certain traits
Alleles
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What is the gene called that is expressed in the phenotype ____
- Dominant gene
- (dimples, brown eyes)
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what is the gene called that both mom and dad have to donate in order to be manifest in the phenotype _____
- recessive
- (freckles, blond hair)
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what you visually see (but don't see like if long life in your family, good heart in family etc...?
Phenotype
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two genes come together create this DD, rr, Dr
genotype
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____ pair of chromosomes are the _____ chromosomes
NO
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women have two ______ chromosomes
x
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men have one _____ and one _____ chromosome
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you share 50% of your genes with each parent
degree of relatedness
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share 100% of genes came from one fertilized egg (same genetic code)
sperm + ovum=zygote
monozygotic twins (identical twins)
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share 50% of genes come from two fertilized eggs (
- Dizygotic twins (fraternal twins)
- 2 sperm, 20 ovum, = 2 zygotes that plant in wall
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Why do psychologists like to study identical twins?
determine the amount of a behavior, trait, or disorder that can be attributed to genes - usually done on twins that are raised in the same home so the impact of their environment remains reletively constant
see the difference between genetics and environment
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the cortex is separated into ____ hemispheres
2
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each hemisphere of the cortex is roughly symmetrical and controls many functions on the ______ side of the body
opposite
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The right brain focuses on
creative, abstract, intuitive types of things
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The left brain focuses on
one and one equals two. Concrete, logical, pragmatic types of things
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KNOW HOW TO DO PUNNET SQUARES
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_____ develops _____ half; work together; you hear it then you see it; e.g. crawling!
visual, verbal
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