Biology 106 Exam 2 Vocabulary Study Guide

most common energy source used by cells

oxidation of glucose to pyruvic acid

pyruvic acid oxidized to acetyl CoA (Production of some NADH)

oxidation of acetyl CoA to CO2, step-by-step release of the potential energy stored in acetyl CoA

NADH and FADH2 are oxidized (Production of large amounts of ATP), sequence of electron carrier proteins that are capable of oxidation and reduction

flow of electrons from energy-rich molecules to energy CO2 and H2O

2 ATP, 2 NADH, 2 pyruvic acid, doesn't need O2

2 NADH, 2 Acetyl CoA, doesn't need O2

2 ATP, 6 NADH, 2 FADH2, CO2, doesn't need O2

flavoproteins, cytochromes, and ubiquinones

~34 ATP, H2O, NAD+, FAD+, Needs O2

• Prokarytoic cells: in the plasma membrane
• Eukaryotic cells: inner mitochondrial membrane

~34 ATP, H2O, NAD+, FAD+, needs O2. a mechanism that uses a proton gradient across a cytoplasmic membrane to generate ATP, diffuse through ATP synthase through higher concentration to lower concentration

processes that release energy from sugars or other organic molecules

extracellular enzymes that hydrolyze lipids to glycerol and fatty acids

extracellular enzymes that breakdown proteins to amino acids that can enter the cell

removal of amino group, that is concentrated to NH4 and excreted from cells

removal of carboxyl group

removal of an H atom

extracellular enzymes that breakdown polysaccharides into di- and monosaccharides

pathways that function in anabolism and catabolism

absolutely requires the nutrient/growth condition

can survive with or without the nutrient/growth condition

temperature, pH, osmotic pressure

carbon, sulfur, nitrogen, trace elements, oxygen, organic growth factors.

"cold-living" microbes that can grow at 0'C; found in oceans and polar regions

"moderate-loving" microbes that grow between 25'C and 40'C

an organism that is capable of growth between about 0'C and 30'C

"heat-loving" microbes that grow between 50'C - 60'C

tolerant of acidic pHs; a bacterium that grows below pH 4

an organism that requires a high salt concentration for growth

lowest temperature a species will grow at

the temperature at which the species grows best

highest temperature a species will grow at

bacteria that grow better at high CO2 concentrations

process by which bacteria reproduce

time required for a cell to divide (population to double)

removal or destruction of all forms of microbes

enough heat to destroy spores of Clostridium botulinum

directed at controlling harmful microbes

disinfection of living tissue

mostly mechanical removal of microbes in a limited area

lower microbial counts to safe levels

absence of significant contamination

an organism that require living host cells in order to multiply

virus that infects bacteria

the range of host cells a virus can infect

complete infectious viral particle

protein coat that protects the nucleic acid

subunits of protein coat

an outer covering surrounding the capsid of some viruses

a state in which phage DNA is incorporated into the host cell without lysis

phage DNA inserted into the host cell's DNA

the process of transferring a piece of cell DNA adjacent to a prophage to another cell

means that their products are constantly produced at a fixed rate

region of DNA where RNA polymerase initiates transcription

region of DNA, "stop" or "go" signal for transcription of structural genes

engulfment by cell into vesicle

viral envelope that fuses with plasma membrane and releases into cell.

inhibits gene expression and decreases synthesis of enzymes.