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glucose
most common energy source used by cells
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glycolysis
oxidation of glucose to pyruvic acid
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transition (intermediate) reaction
pyruvic acid oxidized to acetyl CoA (Production of some NADH)
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the Krebs Cycle
oxidation of acetyl CoA to CO2, step-by-step release of the potential energy stored in acetyl CoA
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electron transport system (ETS)/chemiosmosis
NADH and FADH2 are oxidized (Production of large amounts of ATP), sequence of electron carrier proteins that are capable of oxidation and reduction
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respiration
flow of electrons from energy-rich molecules to energy CO2 and H2O
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Net products of Glycolysis per 1 glucose
2 ATP, 2 NADH, 2 pyruvic acid, doesn't need O2
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Net products of Transition Reaction per 1 glucose
2 NADH, 2 Acetyl CoA, doesn't need O2
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Net products of Krebs Cycle per 1 glucose
2 ATP, 6 NADH, 2 FADH2, CO2, doesn't need O2
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3 classes of carrier molecules
flavoproteins, cytochromes, and ubiquinones
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Net products of chemiosmosis per 1 glucose
~34 ATP, H2O, NAD+, FAD+, Needs O2
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location of ETC proteins
- Prokarytoic cells: in the plasma membrane
- Eukaryotic cells: inner mitochondrial membrane
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chemiosmosis
~34 ATP, H2O, NAD+, FAD+, needs O2. a mechanism that uses a proton gradient across a cytoplasmic membrane to generate ATP, diffuse through ATP synthase through higher concentration to lower concentration
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fermentations
processes that release energy from sugars or other organic molecules
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lipases
extracellular enzymes that hydrolyze lipids to glycerol and fatty acids
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protease
extracellular enzymes that breakdown proteins to amino acids that can enter the cell
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deamination
removal of amino group, that is concentrated to NH4 and excreted from cells
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decarboxylation
removal of carboxyl group
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dehydrogenation
removal of an H atom
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carbohydrate catabolism
extracellular enzymes that breakdown polysaccharides into di- and monosaccharides
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amphibolic pathways
pathways that function in anabolism and catabolism
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obligate
absolutely requires the nutrient/growth condition
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facultative
can survive with or without the nutrient/growth condition
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physical requirement for growth
temperature, pH, osmotic pressure
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chemical requirement for growth
carbon, sulfur, nitrogen, trace elements, oxygen, organic growth factors.
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psychrophiles
"cold-living" microbes that can grow at 0'C; found in oceans and polar regions
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mesophiles
"moderate-loving" microbes that grow between 25'C and 40'C
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psychrotroph
an organism that is capable of growth between about 0'C and 30'C
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thermophile
"heat-loving" microbes that grow between 50'C - 60'C
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acidophile
tolerant of acidic pHs; a bacterium that grows below pH 4
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halophile
an organism that requires a high salt concentration for growth
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minimum growth temperature
lowest temperature a species will grow at
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optimum growth temperature
the temperature at which the species grows best
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maximum growth temperature
highest temperature a species will grow at
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capnophile
bacteria that grow better at high CO2 concentrations
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binary fission
process by which bacteria reproduce
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generation time
time required for a cell to divide (population to double)
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sterilization
removal or destruction of all forms of microbes
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commercial sterilization
enough heat to destroy spores of Clostridium botulinum
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disinfection
directed at controlling harmful microbes
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antisepsis
disinfection of living tissue
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degerming
mostly mechanical removal of microbes in a limited area
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sanitation
lower microbial counts to safe levels
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asepsis
absence of significant contamination
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obligate intracellular parasite
an organism that require living host cells in order to multiply
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bacteriophage
virus that infects bacteria
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host range
the range of host cells a virus can infect
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virion
complete infectious viral particle
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capsid
protein coat that protects the nucleic acid
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capsomere
subunits of protein coat
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envelope
an outer covering surrounding the capsid of some viruses
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lysogeny
a state in which phage DNA is incorporated into the host cell without lysis
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prophage
phage DNA inserted into the host cell's DNA
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specialized transduction
the process of transferring a piece of cell DNA adjacent to a prophage to another cell
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constitutive genes
means that their products are constantly produced at a fixed rate
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promoter
region of DNA where RNA polymerase initiates transcription
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operator
region of DNA, "stop" or "go" signal for transcription of structural genes
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Pinocytosis
engulfment by cell into vesicle
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Fusion
viral envelope that fuses with plasma membrane and releases into cell.
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repression
inhibits gene expression and decreases synthesis of enzymes.
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