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alipeace11
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What are the 2 types of communication systems?
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endoctrine system
- uses hormones to influence behaviors and actions
- chemical messenger system
- commanded by hypothalamus
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2 components of nervous system?
- central nervous system
- peripheral nervous system
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central nervous system
brain and spinal cord
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peripheral nervous system includes...
somatic & autonomic nervous systems
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interneurons
neurons that communicate with other neurons
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afferent vs efferent nerves
- afferent- carry info to CNS
- efferent- carry info away from CNS
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somatic nervous system
- made up of nerves which transmit sensory signals to and from central nervous system
- transmits sensory signals and motor skills between CNS and skin, muscles joints
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autonomic nervous system
transmits sensory signals and motor signals between central nervous system & body's glands & internal organs
regulates body's internal environment
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two divisions of ANS
sympathetic & parasympathetic
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sympathetic division
prepares body for fight or flight
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parasympathetic division
returns body to resting state
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neurons
individual cells in nervous system which receive, integrate & transmit information
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how is information passed through neuron?
dendrites receive info, passed along axon via action potential to terminal buttons where neurotransmitters are released to next neuron's dendrites
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what is the purpose of the myelin sheath?
to increase speed of transmitters
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what are the 4 types of neurons?
receptor, sensory (afferent), motor (efferent), interneurons
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what are the 2 ways neurons communicate?
- electrical: within cells
- chemical: between cells
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action potential
neural impulse which passes along axon
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resting membrane potential
electrical charge of neuron when it is not active (negative)
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synapse
site at which chemical communication occurs between neurons
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synaptic cleft
gap between axon of sending neuron and dendrites of receiving neuron
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nodes of Ranvier
small gaps of exposed axon between segments of myelin sheath, where action potentials are transmitted
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when does action potential occur?
neuron receives more excitatory signals, potassium flows in, sodium flows out which leads to an excessively positively charged ion (less polarized)
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excitatory signals
reduces polarization, increases chance of firing
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inhibitory signals
increases polarization, decreases chance of firing
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what is the charge of the neuron during: resting state? firing? post firing?
- resting state: negative
- firing: positive
- post-firing: negative
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all or nothing principle
neurons fire with the same force each time (either fire or not)
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presynaptic
neurons which send signals
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post synaptic
neurons which receive signals
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what carries the excitatory/inhibitory signal
neurotransmitters
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how do neurotransmitter travel from terminal buttons of presynaptic neuron to dendrites of post synaptic neuron?
carry inhibitory/excitatory signal across synaptic cleft-> bind to receptors on post synaptic neuron
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What are the 3 events which can terminate neurotransmitter influence?
- reuptake
- enzyme deactivation
- autoreception
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reuptake
- neurotransmitter is released into synaptic cleft and then returned
- reduce, reuse & reuptake :)
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enzyme deactivation
enzyme destroys neurotransmitter in synaptic cleft
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autoreception
receptors on presynaptic neuron (auto receptors) monitor how much neurotransmitter has been released into synaptic cleft and signal for the neuron to stop once excess is detected
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agonist
drug which enhances actions of neurotransmitters
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antagonist
drug which inhibits actions of neurotransmitters
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types of neurotransmitters
acetylcholine, dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin, glutamate, GABA
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acetylcholine
- motor control between nerves & muscles
- i.e. Botox
- learning, memory, sleeping, dreaming
- i.e. Alzheimers
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dopamine
- motivation & reward
- i.e. eating when hungary
- motor control & planning
- Parkinson's
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norepinephrine
arousal & alertness
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serotonin
- emotional states, impulse control, dreaming
- low levels -> sad, anxious, aggressive
- i.e. Prozac
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glutamate
- primary excitatory transmitter
- aids memory & learning
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GABA
- primary inhibitory neurotransmitter
- low levels -> epileptic seizures
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