-
developmental psychology
study of how people grow, mature and change over their life span in physiology, cognition, emotion and social behavior
-
teratogens
- environmental factors which harm fetus
- i.e. fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD)
-
what are 2 adaptive reflexes?
- grasping reflex
- rooting reflex
-
synaptic pruning
connections that are used are kept, those that are not are lost
-
What is an infant's most robust nonverbal response?
Looking time
-
Habituation
- tendency for organism to become familiar with stimulus after repeated exposure
- i.e. cute baby and jars video
-
dishabituation
don't show stimulus which organism has become habituated to for a while and then the organism will treat it almost as a new stimulus
-
schema
expectation about how things happen
-
assimilation
process by which we place new info into existing schema
-
accomodation
create new schema/alter old schema to introduce new info
-
What are two problems with Piaget's Stages of Development?
- not as concrete as piaget assumed
- ages are inaccurate
-
What are the 4 stages in Piaget's Stages of Development?
- sensorimotor (0-2)
- preoperational (2-7) but more like (2-4)
- concrete operational (7-11) more like (5-11)
- formal operational (12-adult)
-
sensorimotor
- (0-2)
- acquire info through senses and motor skills
- object permanence (continues to exist even when it can't be seen)
-
pre-operational
- (2-7) but more like (2-4)
- can think symbolically and reason
- no understanding of law of conservation of quantity
- centration: only thinks about one aspect of problem
- ego-centrism: no concept of others perspectives
- focuses on end state rather than transformative processes
-
concrete operational
- (7-11) more like (5-11)
- begin to think logically
- understand conservation of quantity
- actions are reversible
-
formal operational
- (12- adult)
- think abstractly
- form hypothesis
- think about multiple viewpoints at once
-
theory of mind
ability to predict another's behavior based on states of mind
-
What are Kohlberg's 3 Stages of Moral Reasoning?
- preconventional level: self interest
- conventional level: social order & approval
- postconventional level: justice & equality
stealing pricey medicine for sick wife example
-
How do children help to determine their own development?
Their temperament determines how parents will treat them which in turn affects their development
-
continuous change
idea that development is gradual
-
discontinuous change
idea that development occurs in concrete steps
-
What are Erikson's 8 stages of development?
- Infancy (0-18 months)
- Early Childhood (2-3 years)
- Preschool (3-5 years)
- School Age (6-11 years)
- Adolescence (12-18 years)
- Young Adulthood (19- 40 years)
- Middle Adulthood (40-65 years)
- Maturity (65-death)
-
Infancy
- 0-18 months
- trust vs mistrust
-
Early Childhood
- 2-3 years
- autonomy vs shame
-
Preschool
- 3-5 years
- Initiative vs Guilt
-
School Age
- 6-11 years
- industry vs inferiority
-
Adolescence
- 12-18 years
- Identity vs. role confusion
-
Young Adulthood
- 19-40 years
- intimacy vs isolation
-
Middle Adulthood
- 40-65
- generativity vs stagnation (must produce something which lives beyond them)
-
Maturity
- 65-death
- ego integrity vs despair
-
What can a crisis later in life trigger in regard to Erikson's stages of development?
- Regression to former stage
- most overcome conflict in each stage to move on to next one
-
Socialization differences between west and east
- West: individualist, babies are encouraged to be independent
- East: defined by collective, in closer contact with caregivers
-
Lorenz
discovered imprinting: birds will attach themselves to an adult and follow that adult everywhere
-
cupboard theory
feeding is the most important form of attachment
-
Harlow
found that monkeys preferred a "mother" who was cuddly to one who provided food
-
contact comfort theory
physical touch and reassurance is important to aid social development
-
strange situation test
parent -infant separation and reunion procedure which is staged in lab to test security of child's attachment
-
secure child's reaction to strange situation test (and percentage)
- 65%
- upset at mother's leaving, quickly comforted by mother's return
-
avoidant child's reaction to strange situation test & causes for this child behavior
- not distressed by mother's leaving, doesn't seek comfort
- intrusive parents who force own agenda
-
ambivalent child's reaction to strange situation test & causes for this child behavior
- distressed by mother's leaving, not comforted by return
- parent is missing: drunk or depressed
-
4 parenting styles
authoritative:high parental involvement & control
authoritarian: low parent involvement, high control
indulgent-permissive: high parental involvement, low parental control
indifferent-uninvolved: low parental involvement, low control
-
when does gender identity begin to form?
early in prenatal development by amounts of hormones
-
New York Longitudinal Study
- Measured babies' temperments as reported by parents
- easy: 40% difficult 10% slow to warm up 10% varying 35%
-
infantile amnesia
inability to remember events from early childhood
|
|