Psychology: Chapter 9

study of how people grow, mature and change over their life span in physiology, cognition, emotion and social behavior

• environmental factors which harm fetus
• i.e. fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD)

• grasping reflex
• rooting reflex

connections that are used are kept, those that are not are lost

Looking time

• tendency for organism to become familiar with stimulus after repeated exposure
• i.e. cute baby and jars video

don't show stimulus which organism has become habituated to for a while and then the organism will treat it almost as a new stimulus

expectation about how things happen

process by which we place new info into existing schema

create new schema/alter old schema to introduce new info

• not as concrete as piaget assumed
• ages are inaccurate

• sensorimotor (0-2)
• preoperational (2-7) but more like (2-4)
• concrete operational (7-11) more like (5-11)
• formal operational (12-adult)

• (0-2)
• acquire info through senses and motor skills
• object permanence (continues to exist even when it can't be seen)

• (2-7) but more like (2-4)
• can think symbolically and reason
• no understanding of law of conservation of quantity
• centration: only thinks about one aspect of problem
• ego-centrism: no concept of others perspectives
• focuses on end state rather than transformative processes

• (7-11) more like (5-11)
• begin to think logically
• understand conservation of quantity
• actions are reversible

• (12- adult)
• think abstractly
• form hypothesis
• think about multiple viewpoints at once

ability to predict another's behavior based on states of mind

• preconventional level: self interest
• conventional level: social order & approval
• postconventional level: justice & equality

stealing pricey medicine for sick wife example

Their temperament determines how parents will treat them which in turn affects their development

idea that development is gradual

idea that development occurs in concrete steps

• Infancy (0-18 months)
• Early Childhood (2-3 years)
• Preschool (3-5 years)
• School Age (6-11 years)
• Adolescence (12-18 years)
• Young Adulthood (19- 40 years)
• Middle Adulthood (40-65 years)
• Maturity (65-death)

• 0-18 months
• trust vs mistrust

• 2-3 years
• autonomy vs shame

• 3-5 years
• Initiative vs Guilt

• 6-11 years
• industry vs inferiority

• 12-18 years
• Identity vs. role confusion

• 19-40 years
• intimacy vs isolation

• 40-65
• generativity vs stagnation (must produce something which lives beyond them)

• 65-death
• ego integrity vs despair

• Regression to former stage
• most overcome conflict in each stage to move on to next one

• West: individualist, babies are encouraged to be independent
• East: defined by collective, in closer contact with caregivers

discovered imprinting: birds will attach themselves to an adult and follow that adult everywhere

feeding is the most important form of attachment

found that monkeys preferred a "mother" who was cuddly to one who provided food

physical touch and reassurance is important to aid social development

parent -infant separation and reunion procedure which is staged in lab to test security of child's attachment

• 65% 
• upset at mother's leaving, quickly comforted by mother's return

• not distressed by mother's leaving, doesn't seek comfort
• intrusive parents who force own agenda

• distressed by mother's leaving, not comforted by return
• parent is missing: drunk or depressed

authoritative:high parental involvement & control

authoritarian: low parent involvement, high control

indulgent-permissive: high parental involvement, low parental control

indifferent-uninvolved: low parental involvement, low control

early in prenatal development by amounts of hormones

• Measured babies' temperments as reported by parents
• easy: 40% difficult 10% slow to warm up 10% varying 35%

inability to remember events from early childhood