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What does 'dorsal' mean?
Toward the back
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What does 'ventral' mean?
Toward the belly
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Definition: lateral
Toward the sides
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Definition: median
Near the middle
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Definition: cranial
Toward the hear
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Definition: Caudal
Toward the hind end (tail)
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Definition: Superficial
On or near the surface
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Definition: deep
Some distance below the surface
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Definition: Sagital
Relating tot he midplane which bisects the left and right sides
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Definition: Transverse
Relating to the plane spearating anterior and posterior
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Definition: proximal
near to the point of reference
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Far from the point of reference
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Definition: pectoral
Relating to the chest and shoulder region
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Definition: pelvic
Relating to the hip revion
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Definition: dermal
Relating to the skin
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Definition: Longitudinal
Lengthwise
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When the terms 'right and left' are used in the lab, what does it refer to?
Refers to the specimens right and left, not yours
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Definition: abdominal cavity
Related to the area below the ribcage
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Definition: Thoracic cavity
Related to the area above the ribcage
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What are the three types of muscle tissue?
- Skeletal (striated)
- Visceral (smooth)
- Cardiac (heart)
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What is skeletal muscle?
Used for the movement of the appendages, trunk, hear, jaw, eyes, etc.
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What is visceral muscle?
Found in the walls of the digestive tract, arteries, veins, uterus, bladder and many glands
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What is cardiac muscle?
A special type of muscle found only in the heart
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Generally, how is the muscle attached?
Attached at each end
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What is the less movable attachment of the muscle called?
Origin
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What is the more moveable attachment of the muscle called?
Insertion
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What is the 'belly' of the muscle?
Fleshy central portion of a muscle
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How is muscle attached to bone?
By means of a narrow band of connective tissue called a tendon
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What do most skeletal muscles move?
Most skeletal muscles move bones and cartilages
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Give an example of skeletal muscles that do not move bones and cartilage
Some cause movement of soft parts, for example, facial muscles which originate on a bone and insert on the easily movable skin of the face
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Where does the bicep brachii originate from and insert?
Originate from scapula, insert on radius
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Where does the tricep originate from and insert?
Originate from scapula and humerus and insert on ulna
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What is the antagonist of a bicep?
Tricep
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What are extensors?
Straighten members such as fingers, arms, etc.
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What is a flexor muscle?
Bend members such as fingers, arms, etc.
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What are rotator muscles?
- Turn members on their axis
- eg. turning your neck
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What are elevator muscles?
Lift or raise parts or structures
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What are sphincter muscles?
Surround openings which close when muscles contract
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What is the action of the bicep brachii?
Flexes and rotates the forearm
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What is the origin, insertion, and action of the bicep femoris?
- Origin: sacral and caudal vertebrae
- Insertion: distal end of femur, proximal end of tibia
- Action: extend the hip, stifle (knee) and hock (ankle)
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What is the origin, insertion, and action of gastrocnemius?
- Origin: medial/lateral epicondyle femur
- Insertion: dorsal surface of tuber calcanei (achilles tendon)
- Action: extend the hind food
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What is the origin, insertion and action of the external oblique?
- Origin: 4th-12th ribs and lumbar fascia
- Insertion: crest of ilium, pubis, linea alba
- Actions: to compress the abdominal region. Along with the internal oblique it supports the abdominal viscera
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What is the function of salivary glands?
Production of saliva
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What are the digestive functions of saliva?
- Include moistening food, and helping to creat a food bolus
- Saliva contains the enzyme amylase that breaks some starches into glucose molecules
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What is the parotid salivary gland?
Lies just behind the ear and extends over the ventro-lateral surface of the neck
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What is the mandibular salivary gland?
cranial to the larger parotid glands
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What are the 4 salivary glands?
- Parotid
- Mandibular
- Sublingual
- Submaxillary
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What are the thoracic organs?
- Heart
- Lungs
- Diaphragm
- Thymus Gland
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What is the difference between the left and right lungs and why?
- Right lung as three lobes, left lung as two
- Due to orientation of the heart
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What is the function of the diaphragm?
- This muscle separating thoracic and abdominal cavity
- Used in respiration
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What is the thymus gland?
- Lies cranial to heart
- Responsible for development of the immune system
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What is the liver responsible for?
Glycogen storage, plasma proteins synthesis, drug detoxification, production of bile
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How many lobes are in a rats liver and what are they?
4- median, right lateral lobe, caudate lobe, left lateral lobe
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What is a gallbladder responsible for?
- Storage of bile
- Bile is released into duodenum when fatty foods enter the digestive tract
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What is cholecystectomy?
Removing the gallbladder, causes no problems with health or digestion but there may be some side-effects such as diarrhea
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What is the omentum?
- Fatty tissue
- Storage of fat- can lead to 'beer belly' in man
- Visceral fat is the type of fat that is metabolized by the liver, which turns it into cholesterol (LDL); correlation with diabetes
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What is the stomach used for?
- Food storage, food breakdown
- Gastric juices break down proteins
- 3 different regions- cardiac, fundic, pyloric
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What is the spleen used for?
Storage site for platelets in humans, RBC destruction, production of lymphocytes (immune system)
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What does a splenectomy increase the risk for?
Infectious diseases
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What is the pancreas used for?
Produces digestive enzymes (pancreatic juices breakdown lipids), secretes insulin
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What is the small intestine used for?
Nutrient absorption
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What are the 3 regions of the small intestine?
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What is the mesentery?
Connecting small intestine to back wall of the abdomen, encased in this strong connective tissue are nerves; blood vessels: arteries provide nutrients and lymph vessels removes waste
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What is the colon used for?
Final digestion, water absorption
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What are the 4 sections of the colon?
- Ascending
- Transverse
- Descending
- Sigmoid
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What is the cecum?
- Connecting the ileum with the ascending colon of the large intestine
- Aid in the enzymatic breakdown of plant materials such as cellulose
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What is the rectum?
Between sigmoid colon and anus
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What are adrenal glands?
- Responsible for releasing hormones in response to stress through the synthesis of coirtico-steroids such as cortisol and epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine
- They also produce androgens
- The adrenal glands affect kidney function through the secretion of aldosterone, a hormone involved in reguating the osmolarity of blood plasma
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What are the kidneys used for?
- Serve homeostatic functions such as the regulation of electrolytes, maintenance of acid-base balance, and regulation of blood pressure
- The kidneys serve as a natural filter of the blood, and wastes are sent to the urinary bladder through the ureters
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