Mamm Phys Labs

  1. What does 'dorsal' mean?
    Toward the back
  2. What does 'ventral' mean?
    Toward the belly
  3. Definition: lateral
    Toward the sides
  4. Definition: median
    Near the middle
  5. Definition: cranial
    Toward the hear
  6. Definition: Caudal
    Toward the hind end (tail)
  7. Definition: Superficial
    On or near the surface
  8. Definition: deep
    Some distance below the surface
  9. Definition: Sagital
    Relating tot he midplane which bisects the left and right sides
  10. Definition: Transverse
    Relating to the plane spearating anterior and posterior
  11. Definition: proximal
    near to the point of reference
  12. Definition: Distal
  13. Far from the point of reference
  14. Definition: pectoral
    Relating to the chest and shoulder region
  15. Definition: pelvic
    Relating to the hip revion
  16. Definition: dermal
    Relating to the skin
  17. Definition: Longitudinal
    Lengthwise
  18. When the terms 'right and left' are used in the lab, what does it refer to?
    Refers to the specimens right and left, not yours
  19. Definition: abdominal cavity
    Related to the area below the ribcage
  20. Definition: Thoracic cavity
    Related to the area above the ribcage
  21. What are the three types of muscle tissue?
    • Skeletal (striated)
    • Visceral (smooth)
    • Cardiac (heart)
  22. What is skeletal muscle?
    Used for the movement of the appendages, trunk, hear, jaw, eyes, etc.
  23. What is visceral muscle?
    Found in the walls of the digestive tract, arteries, veins, uterus, bladder and many glands
  24. What is cardiac muscle?
    A special type of muscle found only in the heart
  25. Generally, how is the muscle attached?
    Attached at each end
  26. What is the less movable attachment of the muscle called?
    Origin
  27. What is the more moveable attachment of the muscle called?
    Insertion
  28. What is the 'belly' of the muscle?
    Fleshy central portion of a muscle
  29. How is muscle attached to bone?
    By means of a narrow band of connective tissue called a tendon
  30. What do most skeletal muscles move?
    Most skeletal muscles move bones and cartilages
  31. Give an example of skeletal muscles that do not move bones and cartilage
    Some cause movement of soft parts, for example, facial muscles which originate on a bone and insert on the easily movable skin of the face
  32. Where does the bicep brachii originate from and insert?
    Originate from scapula, insert on radius
  33. Where does the tricep originate from and insert?
    Originate from scapula and humerus and insert on ulna
  34. What is the antagonist of a bicep?
    Tricep
  35. What are extensors?
    Straighten members such as fingers, arms, etc.
  36. What is a flexor muscle?
    Bend members such as fingers, arms, etc.
  37. What are rotator muscles?
    • Turn members on their axis
    • eg. turning your neck
  38. What are elevator muscles?
    Lift or raise parts or structures
  39. What are sphincter muscles?
    Surround openings which close when muscles contract
  40. What is the action of the bicep brachii?
    Flexes and rotates the forearm
  41. What is the origin, insertion, and action of the bicep femoris?
    • Origin: sacral and caudal vertebrae
    • Insertion: distal end of femur, proximal end of tibia
    • Action: extend the hip, stifle (knee) and hock (ankle)
  42. What is the origin, insertion, and action of gastrocnemius?
    • Origin: medial/lateral epicondyle femur
    • Insertion: dorsal surface of tuber calcanei (achilles tendon)
    • Action: extend the hind food
  43. What is the origin, insertion and action of the external oblique?
    • Origin: 4th-12th ribs and lumbar fascia
    • Insertion: crest of ilium, pubis, linea alba
    • Actions: to compress the abdominal region.  Along with the internal oblique it supports the abdominal viscera
  44. What is the function of salivary glands?
    Production of saliva
  45. What are the digestive functions of saliva?
    • Include moistening food, and helping to creat a food bolus
    • Saliva contains the enzyme amylase that breaks some starches into glucose molecules
  46. What is the parotid salivary gland?
    Lies just behind the ear and extends over the ventro-lateral surface of the neck
  47. What is the mandibular salivary gland?
    cranial to the larger parotid glands
  48. What are the 4 salivary glands?
    • Parotid
    • Mandibular
    • Sublingual
    • Submaxillary
  49. What are the thoracic organs?
    • Heart
    • Lungs
    • Diaphragm
    • Thymus Gland
  50. What is the difference between the left and right lungs and why?
    • Right lung as three lobes, left lung as two
    • Due to orientation of the heart
  51. What is the function of the diaphragm?
    • This muscle separating thoracic and abdominal cavity
    • Used in respiration
  52. What is the thymus gland?
    • Lies cranial to heart
    • Responsible for development of the immune system
  53. What is the liver responsible for?
    Glycogen storage, plasma proteins synthesis, drug detoxification, production of bile
  54. How many lobes are in a rats liver and what are they?
    4- median, right lateral lobe, caudate lobe, left lateral lobe
  55. What is a gallbladder responsible for?
    • Storage of bile
    • Bile is released into duodenum when fatty foods enter the digestive tract
  56. What is cholecystectomy?
    Removing the gallbladder, causes no problems with health or digestion but there may be some side-effects such as diarrhea
  57. What is the omentum?
    • Fatty tissue
    • Storage of fat- can lead to 'beer belly' in man
    • Visceral fat is the type of fat that is metabolized by the liver, which turns it into cholesterol (LDL); correlation with diabetes
  58. What is the stomach used for?
    • Food storage, food breakdown
    • Gastric juices break down proteins
    • 3 different regions- cardiac, fundic, pyloric
  59. What is the spleen used for?
    Storage site for platelets in humans, RBC destruction, production of lymphocytes (immune system)
  60. What does a splenectomy increase the risk for?
    Infectious diseases
  61. What is the pancreas used for?
    Produces digestive enzymes (pancreatic juices breakdown lipids), secretes insulin
  62. What is the small intestine used for?
    Nutrient absorption
  63. What are the 3 regions of the small intestine?
    • Duodenum
    • Jejunum
    • Ileum
  64. What is the mesentery?
    Connecting small intestine to back wall of the abdomen, encased in this strong connective tissue are nerves; blood vessels: arteries provide nutrients and lymph vessels removes waste
  65. What is the colon used for?
    Final digestion, water absorption
  66. What are the 4 sections of the colon?
    • Ascending
    • Transverse
    • Descending
    • Sigmoid
  67. What is the cecum?
    • Connecting the ileum with the ascending colon of the large intestine
    • Aid in the enzymatic breakdown of plant materials such as cellulose
  68. What is the rectum?
    Between sigmoid colon and anus
  69. What are adrenal glands?
    • Responsible for releasing hormones in response to stress through the synthesis of coirtico-steroids such as cortisol and epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine
    • They also produce androgens
    • The adrenal glands affect kidney function through the secretion of aldosterone, a hormone involved in reguating the osmolarity of blood plasma
  70. What are the kidneys used for?
    • Serve homeostatic functions such as the regulation of electrolytes, maintenance of acid-base balance, and regulation of blood pressure
    • The kidneys serve as a natural filter of the blood, and wastes are sent to the urinary bladder through the ureters
Author
Morgan.liberatore
ID
237523
Card Set
Mamm Phys Labs
Description
Mamm Phys Labs
Updated