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Lincoln's Ten Percent Plan
when 10% of a rebellious state's voters had taken an oath of loyalty, the state would be restored to the Union providing it approved the Thirteenth Amendment
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Lincoln's reaction to the Wade-Davis Bill on Reconstruction
issued a pocket veto to kill bill, left the document unsigned while working for a compromise
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President Andrew Johnson's Reconstruction
offered amnesty to all southerners who swore allegiance to the US including Confederate leaders, appointed provisional governors for southern states and required only that they revoke secession, reject Confederate debts, and ratify 13th Amendment
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Southern whites responded to the end of slavery with
Black Codes to force former slaves into plantation labor
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Freedmen's Bureau
established by Congress to aid former slaves, gave it direct funding and authorized it's agents to investigate mistreatment of blacks
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n 1866, President Johnson vetoed the Freedmen's Bureau law and Civil Rights Act because
he was racist
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Under President Johnson's restoration plan, high-ranking Confederate leaders and wealthy Southerners excluded from amnesty
got pardons and got into politics
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Congress enacted the Civil Rights Act in April 1866 after learning of
President Johnson's racist views
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Which of the following were Radical Republicans?
Charles Summer in Senate, Thaddeus Stevens in House; they sought sweeping transformations in the defeated South
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The underlying reason Congress impeached Andrew Johnson was because
he suspended Secretary of War Stanton for Union general Ulysses S. Grant; he infringed on the powers of Congress
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The Fifteenth Amendment
protected male citizens' right to vote despite of race, color, or previous condition of servitude
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Southerners avoided giving freed slaves the right to vote by
implementing a poll tax and literacy requirements
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Why was it necessary to add the Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and Fifteenth Amendments to the U.S. Constitution?
in response to rebellious states that wanted to deny blacks basic rights
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Which reform is most closely connected with the Grant administration?
Radical Reconstruction and women's suffrage
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Granting African American males the right to vote
punished ex-Confederates and ensured Republican support in the South
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Which of the following statements most accurately characterizes the woman suffrage movement after the Civil War?
it was divided into two groups, one that sided with Republicans and were patient, another that was radical and wanted exclusive rights for women
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Expecting freedom from slavery near the end of the Civil War, most African Americans were eager to
own land, move around, read/write, vote
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The Southern Republican Party included which of the following?
former Whigs, former Democrats, black and white Northerners and southern blacks
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Most scalawags were
southern whites who supported Reconstruction; from the backcountry and wanted to rid the South of it's slaveholding aristocracy
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Southern Republican state Reconstruction governments pursued all of the following except
eliminated property qualifications and Black Codes, gave married women freedom to own land and wages independent from their husbands, established free healthcare, free legal representation, helped women, blacks, orphans, and the sick; NO DESEGREGATION
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According to the textbook, the most impressive achievement of the Republican state Reconstruction governments was
public education for blacks, women, and the poor
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Which of the following is true of the Civil Rights Act of 1875?
the law required full and equal access to jury service, transportation, and public accommodations (except for churches and schools) irrespective of race
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The first Grand Wizard or leader of the Ku Klux Klan was former Confederate general
Nathan Bedford Forrest
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Southern whites used which of the following methods to undermine and resist Reconstruction?
political (re-enstating voting rights to ex-Confederates), violent (KKK)
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Reconstruction ended mostly because
economic depression, a chasm in goals between freedmen and policymakers, ex-Confederates refusal to accept Reconstruction
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The president who had the most trouble with Congress was
Grant
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During and after the Civil War, the Republican Congress implemented its economic vision for the United States by doing all of the following except
launched the transcontinental rail project, developing a new national banking system, passed the Homestead Act, and raised the protective tariff
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States and the federal government encouraged railroad building through which of the following ways?
loans, subsidies, land grants and by buying railroad bonds
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In the 1870s and 1880s, protective tariffs covered which industry?
textile, steel manufacturing, sheep ranching
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Which constitutional amendment did the Supreme Court most use in the 1870s–1890s to protect the rights of corporations—even though it had been written to protect individual rights?
the 14th Amendment: no state could deprive a person of life, liberty, or property without due process of law
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The United States adopted the gold standard in the 1870s for its currency for all of the following reasons except
people were finding too much silver that would upset the balance of silver/gold (to limit the nation's money supply),
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The United States encouraged Chinese immigration through such means as the Burlingame Treaty (1868) partially to
Seward thought trade with Asia was the key to America's future; Chinese laborers were already working in America
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Which of the following was associated with the Homestead Act of 1862?
Westward expansion by American/European families; Department of Agriculture mapped areas and found natural resources
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The Exodusters were
African Americans who left the South to the west to be freed from poverty and white oppression
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“The largest, longest-run agricultural and environmental miscalculation in American history” refers to
the destruction of the biodiversity of the Great Plains
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Which Indian tribe was pursued 1,100 miles and forced to surrender just south of the Canadian border?
Nez Perce
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The dominant northern Plains Indian tribe was the
Dakota Sioux
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The largest mass execution in American history took place as a result of
a Dakota uprising in Minnesota after money meant for the tribes was stolen by corrupt officials
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Which of the following statements regarding the Sand Creek Massacre is correct?
Chivington's militia killed over 100 Cheyenne women and children in Colorado; the Cheyenne banded together with the Arapahos and Sioux and attacked the US army in the plains and closed the Bozeman Trail to Montana
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Which president most refashioned America's Indian policy?
Grant created a Peace Policy
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White reformers, such as those who created the Indian Rights Association, advocated the
use of religion to tame Indians
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Reformers believed that the best way to save the Indians was through
the destruction of native languages, cultures and religions
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Why did Indians view reformers as just another white interest group?
because they sent mixed messages and changed treaties often
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The Dawes Severalty Act of 1887
divided reservations into homesteads where Indians could individually own land and become independent from the tribe
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As a result of the Dawes Severalty Act, Indian tribes
lost 66% of their individually allotted lands through fraud
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Which factor is most responsible for destroying the Indian reservation system established by the United States government?
the Dawes Act dividing reservation land and Indians being conned out of it
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The leader of the Sioux warriors who annihilated the forces led by Colonel George A. Custer on June 25, 1876, was
Sitting Bull
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Following the Sioux victory at Little Big Horn, the United States
used this to justify American conquest. Indians were pursued and starved until they gave up and surrendered to the government
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The Apache warrior who resisted the U.S. government until 1886 was
Geronimo
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How did native peoples adapt to and survive reservation life and attempts at assimilation?
they kept their native traditions but also assimilated and went to school to become powerful and help their tribes
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All of the following are true of the Ghost Dance movement of the late 1880s except
drew on Christian and native elements to try to drive whites out; was misunderstood as the beginning of a war between Indians and whites
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The last great Indian “battle” was against the Sioux
Wounded Knee
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Which of the following resulted from industrialization in the decades after the Civil War?
the westward expansion of the US to the Pacific
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As American industry expanded in the late nineteenth century, its energy source shifted from
steam to coal
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Vertically integrated corporations
one company controls production from raw materials to finished goods
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All of the following statements accurately characterize the life and work of John D. Rockefeller except
grain dealer, avoided Civil War, borrowed to start oil company and believed in vertical/horizontal integration, allied with railroad executives
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In the late 1800s, American corporations innovated in all of the following ways except
research, chains, advertising
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A major reason that by 1900 the United States had become the leading steel producer in the world was
Carnegie's Bessemer converter that refined iron into steel
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All of the following correctly describe the role of middle managers in large corporations except
directing flow of goods, labor, and information; key innovators who worked to reduce costs and improve efficiency
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Which of the following statements most accurately characterizes the employment of women in the American labor force during the late nineteenth century?
in 1900 more than 4 million women worked; third in domestic service, third in industry, and another third in offices, teaching, nursing
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A result of mass production was that
more control of workers and lower labor costs, fewer skilled workers
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The introduction of mass production in the late-nineteenth-century American economy
made things cheaper, faster
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A result of scientific management was that
eliminate brain work, withdraw worker's authority; expensive to implement and workers resisted
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Which of the following statements most accurately characterizes the economics of working-class family life in late-nineteenth-century America?
one out of every 5 children worked outside the home
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“New” immigration patterns in the early twentieth century reflected the growing emigration from
Europe
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The federal government responded to the problem of discrimination against the Chinese in nineteenth-century California by
passing the Chinese Exclusion Act which barred laborers from entering the US
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What were the greatest factors in defining occupational opportunity in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century?
gender and ethnicity
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Which of the following is an example of a trade union?
National Grange, Knights of Labor, Farmer's Alliance
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Why has the labor movement always been relatively weak in American politics?
industrial workers cluster in cities and were underrepresented in state legislature
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Which of the following resulted from the Great Railroad Strike of 1877?
US transportation came to a halt, more than 50 people died and $40 million worth of damage; participants were fined and blacklisted
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Many farmers denounced the railroads and called for their regulation or public ownership for all the following reasons except that railroads
had built their lines with government money but charged unequal rates that favored giant manufacturers and exploited ordinary people
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The Haymarket incident in 1886
German protesters killed policemen, and the policemen opened fire; caused damage to the labor movement
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The labor movement supported all of the following except
political solutions to exploitation of working people, attempts to regulate corporation, organizing skilled workers to negotiate directly with employers
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All of the following were elements of the Victorian ideal of domesticity except
masculine restraint and female moral influence
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Which of the following statements best characterizes family life in the late 1800s?
families decreased in size
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The typical American middle-class family in 1900 consisted of husband, wife, and
3 children
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Which of the following was true for middle-class families in the late nineteenth century?
children worked, but parents who had fewer children could concentrate on the ones they had more
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Which of the following statements most accurately characterizes changes in the lives of middle-class American children in the last decades of the century?
instead of working they went to school
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Why did school attendance rise significantly in the latter decades of the nineteenth century?
more education for more lucrative jobs
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All the following correctly characterize Booker T. Washington except
born in slavery, wrote a book and went to school, founded the Tuskegee Institute which focused on industrial education
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Between 1880–1920, higher education for women was
coed
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The Women's Christian Temperance Movement (WCTU) was the first national movement to
identify and combat domestic violence
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In the late nineteenth century, social Darwinists, such as William Graham Sumner, believed
human society advanced through competition and survival of the fittest
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Which of the following statements correctly describes Charles Darwin's theories as laid out in his book, On the Origin of the Species?
all creatures struggle to survive, random genetic mutations that benefit them in an environment are passed down; natural selection is blind
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Which of the following statements correctly characterizes the impact of eugenicist thinking in the early twentieth century?
20,000 people had been sterilized
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The invention that most changed urban and suburban communications in the United States after 1876 was the
telephone
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Which of the following made the growth of skyscrapers possible?
invention of steel girders, durable plate glass, and elevators
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For ordinary Americans of the late nineteenth century, the invention that probably offered the most dramatic evidence of changing urban life was the
electric light
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Which of the following statements most accurately characterizes residential patterns in the typical American city around 1900?
there were different ethnic neighborhoods but everyone lived by their economic class
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Which level of government saw the most corruption in the late 1800s?
state government and big corporations
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Urban political machines in the late nineteenth century did all of the following except
relied on the support of immigrants, served the needs of the party faithful, acted as a social service agency
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Which is not true of Tammany Hall?
favored honest graft, built public works and clean water, sewage removal, stopped the spread of cholera
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Women entered prostitution in urban cities for all of the following reasons except
low-wage jobs, desperation, and sexual abuse
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Hull House offered which of the following to its low-income clients?
bathhouse, playground, kindergarten, and day care
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Jane Addams and Florence Kelley became famous advocates for
working class women and children
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