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Aristotle believed:
- Heart was the center of intellect.
- Brain was a radiator for cooling the blood.
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Hippocrates believed:
Brain was the center of intellect.
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Galen:
- Hippocratic Doctine.
- Anatomical brain dissections.
- Thought movements and sensations were carried by fluids through ventricles.
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Benjamin Franklin
Experiment and observations of electricity.
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Luigi Galvani
- 1800s.
- Muscles can be made to twitch if nerves are electrically stimulated.
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Types of cells in CNS:
- 1)Astrocytes
- 2)Oligodendrocytes
- 3)Microglia
- 4)Ependymal cells
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Neurons
- Excitable cells that process and transmit info.
- Elemental processing unit of the nervous system.
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Astrocytes
- -Extracellular ion balance
- -transport and processing of some NTs
- -signaling
- -endothelial cells of blood-brain barrier
- -synaptic transmission
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Oligodendrocytes
- -produce fatty insulating material that aids in propagation of neural impulses (fast)
- -autoimmune disease interfere
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Microglia
Active immune response system of the brain and spinal cord.
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Ependymal Cells
- -Line ventricles and tissue space.
- -Manufacture and circulate CSF.
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Basic neuron types:
- -Bipolar (Interneuron)
- -Unipolar (Sensory Neuron)
- -Multipolar (Motor Neuron)
- -Pyramidal Cell
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Bipolar Cells
- -Contain only one dendrite and axon directly opposite to one another.
- -Separated by soma.
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Unipolar Cells
- -Dendrite and axon emerge from the same process.
- -Axon has 2 processes: peripheral and Central
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Multipolar
- -contain 1 axon and multiple dendrites.
- -motorneurons
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Pyramidal Cell
- -Specialized multipolar cell
- -motor cortex, hippocampus
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CNS
cerebrum, cerebellum, spinal cord, brainstem
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PNS
connects periphery with brain and spinal cord
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Somatic nervous system
voluntary control of muscle
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Autonomic Nervous System
- -Involuntary functions
- -smooth muscle
- -cardiac muscle
- -glands
- -parasympathetic, sympathetic and enteric systems
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Enteric Nervous System
- Embedded in lining of GI
- -Myenteric
- -Submucousal
- Subdivision of PNS
- -controls motility and secretion in the gut
- -can operate autonomously
- -normally operates via sympathetic and parasympathetic control
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Frontal Lobe
- -motor functions
- -planning
- -long-term memory
- -higher functions
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Temporal lobe
- -auditory
- -memory
- -sexual behaviour
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Parietal lobe
-sensory integration from different modalities
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cerebellum
- -motor control
- -timing of reflexes
- -learning of motor skills
- -coordination
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Brainstem
- -cardiovascular system control
- -respiratory control
- -pain sensitivity control
- -alertness
- (most cranial nerves)
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Olfactory nerve
sensory, smell
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Optic nerve
sensory, vision
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occulomotor nerve
motor, eye movement, pupilliary constriction
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Trochlear nerve
motor, eye movement
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Trigeminal nerve
motor/sensory, sensory from face and head, motor to muscles of mastication
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Abducens nerve
motor, eye movement
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Facial nerve
sensory/motor, motor muscles to face and some glands, sensory taste
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Vestibulocochlear
Sensory: hearing, balance
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Glossopharyngeal nerve
- motor: muscles of pharynx, innervation of glands
- sensory: taste
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Vagus nerve
Motor to muscles of larynx and pharynx, some glands, parasympathetic control of viscera
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Spinal accessory nerve
motor to muscles of neck
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Limbic system
- memory, emotion, arousal, fear
- -hippocampus
- -amygdala: lower more primitive area, fear and anxiety
- -anterior thalmus
- -limbic cortex
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Hypothalmus
- sexual function, thirst, food, temp. regulation, hormonal regulation
- -central ganglia of brain
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Spinal Cord
- -sensory input (relay to brainstem, brain)
- -descending consolidation and fine motor output to muscles of neck, fore and hindlimbs
- -coordinates certain reflexes, ANS, rhythmic movements (scratching, walking)
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Nuclei
- -clusters of neurons located within CNS
- -caudate nucleus helps us walk
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Ganglia
- -clusters of cells located outside CNS
- -eg. dorsal root ganglia
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Rhombencephalon
hindbrain
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Metencephalon
cerebellum (develops last), pons
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Diancephalon
thalmus, hypothalmus
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Telencephalon
cerebrum, cerebral cortex
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