Energy

Conventional and Unconventional

Petroleum, Natural Gas, Coal and Nuclear

Oil shale and natural gas hydrates in marine sediment

Solar photovoltaics, Solar thermal power, Passive solar air and water heating, Wind, Hydropower, Biomass, Ocean energy, Geothermal, Waste to Energy

Middle East with 30.6%

Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries

13

Saudi Arabia 25% and Canada 15%

OPEC

• Reduce energy waste
• Shift to non-carbon energy sources
• Higher prices for products made with petrochemicals
• Higher food prices; buy locally-produced food
• Higher airfares
• Smaller more fuel-efficient vehicles
• Upgrade of public transportation

• United States
• It produces 9% of world's oil but imports 60%

• 3/4 Nonrenewable fossil fuels
• The rest from nonrenewable nuclear fuel and renewable sources

The amount of high-quality usable energy available from a resource after the amount of energy needed to make it available is subtracted

• United States
• Followed by western Europe , Japan and China

Resources that can be replaced or regenerated and will never run out (at least not for a very long time)

Resources will eventually run out - once used they cannot be used again

Carbon-based materials that formed over millions of years from the remains of ancient plants and animals

• Coal
• Oil
• Natural gas

• Industrial societies rely on fossil fuels as the main source of its energy
• They contain stored chemical energy, which is converted into large amounts of useful heat energy when the fuels are burned

• 1. Fuel is burned and the heat produced is used to boil water
• 2. The high-pressure, superheated steam created is used to turn the turbine
• 3. The turbine turns a generator which generates electricity
• 4. The cooling towers cool the steam which condenses as water and can be recycled in the power station
• 5. The natural gas is burnt and the hot gases produced are used directly to turn the turbine

• Input energy
• Chemical
• Kinetic
• Electrical
• Heat
• Output energy

• Petroleum or crude oil (conventional oil)
• Fossil fuels (crude oil and natural gas)
• Oil extraction and refining (gasoline, aviation fuel, heating oil, diesel oil, asphalt)
• Petrochemicals (products of oil distillation)
• World oil consumption

Conventional oil has a high net of energy yield and relatively inexpensive

• Using conventional oil causes air and water pollution and releases greenhouse gases to the atmosphere
• Heavily oils from oil sand and oil shale exist in large supplies but have low net energy yields and higher environmental impacts than conventional oil has

• Carbon dioxide (main waste)
• Sulfur dioxide and nitric oxides (contribute to smog and acid rain)
• Ash

• Ample supply for 93 years
• Low cost
• High net energy yield
• Easily transported between countries
• Low land use
• Technology is well developed
• Efficient distribution system

• Need to find substitutes within 50 years
• Large government subsidies
• Environmental costs
• Artificially low price encourages waste and discourages search for alternatives
• Pollutes air when produced and burned
• Releases CO2 when burned
• Water pollution

Because of its low yield

• Moderate cost
• Large potential supplies
• Easily transported
• Efficient distribution system
• Technology well-developed

• High cost
• Low net energy yield
• Environmental costs
• Large amount of water needed for processing
• Severe land disruption
• Severe water disruption
• Air pollution and CO2 pollution when produced and burned

• It is a mixture of gases
• More than half of is Methane

• Pipelines
• Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG)
• Liquefied natural gas (LNG) - low net energy yield

• Ample supplies
• High net energy yield
• Low cost
• Less air pollution than other fossil fuels
• Lower CO2 emissions
• Easily transported by pipeline
• Low land use
• Good fuel for fuel cells, gas turbines and motor vehicles

• Nonrenewable resource
• Releases CO2 when burned
• Government subsidies
• Environmental costs
• Methane can leak from pipelines
• Difficult to transfer
• Can only shipped across ocean

• Conventional coal is very plentiful and has a high net energy yield and low cost
• Well-developed technology
• Air pollution can be reduced with improved technology

• Conventional coal has a very high environmental impact
• Gaseous and liquid fuels produced from coal have lower net energy yields and higher environmental impacts
• Severe land disturbance, air pollution and water pollution
• Severe threat to human health
• Large government subsidies
• High CO2 emissions
• Radioactive particle and toxic mercury emissions

• It comes in several forms
• Burned mostly to produce electricity
• Burned in 2100 power plants, generates 40% of the world's electricity

• China
• United States
• Canada

• Severe air pollution
• Sulfur released as SO2
• Large amount of soot
• CO2
• Trace amounts of mercury and radioactive materials
• Dirtiest fossil fuels to burn

Nuclear Power

• Uses a lot of money
• Poor management
• Low net yield of energy of the nuclear fuel cycle
• Safety concerns
• Need for greater government subsidies
• Concerns of transporting uranium

It is used to generate electricity but it does not burn and so it does not release any greenhouse gases

Splitting of atoms and releasing huge amounts of heat energy

Chernobyl, Ukraine

• Large fuel supply
• Lowe environmental impacts
• Moderate land disruption and water pollution
• Moderate land use
• Low risk of accidents

• Huge government subsidies
• Low net energy yield
• High environmental impact
• Risk of catastrophic accidents
• No widely acceptable solution for long-term storage of radioactive wastes
• Subject to terrorist attacks

• Radioactive waste
• Uranium (separated from waste and reused)
• Plutonium (highly-radioactive product; used in the construction of nuclear bombs)

High-level radioactive wastes must be stored safely for 10,000-240,000 years

Deep burial (safest and cheapest)

• Can be turned into glass
• Bury deep underground (few suitable sites)
• Dump at the bottom of the sea

Nuclear fusion

Energy that comes form the sun

Through photovoltaics and heat engines

It is the direct conversion of light into electricity at the atomic level

A device that converts sunlight into direct current through photoelectric effect

Edmund Bequerel in 1839

Charles Fritts in 1880

Vanguard 1 satellite in 1958

Increase in oil price and increase in production of PVs

• 2% of sun energy is converted to wind energy
• Differential heating of the earth's surface and atmosphere induces vertical and horizontal air currents that are affected by the earth's rotation and contours of the land

It captures wind energy and then uses a generator to convert it to electrical energy

• Deliver electricity at lower cost than smaller turbines
• Well suited for offshore wind plants

• Local electrical grids
• Lower costs
• Landscape considerations

Between 1/4 to 2MW of electrical power

• Largest source of electricity from renewables
• Needs guaranteed supply of water

Kinetic energy

24% of the world's electricity and 1 billion people

They harness water's energy and use simple mechanics to convert that energy into electricity

• Dam
• Intake
• Turbine
• Generators
• Transformer
• Power lines
• Outflow

It holds back water, creating a large reservoir which is often used as a recreational lake

Francis Turbine

• Hot water reservoirs
• Natural stem reservoirs
• Geopressured reservoirs
• Normal Geothermal gradient
• Hot dry rock
• Molten magma

• Space heating
• Air conditioning
• Industrial processes
• Drying
• Greenhouses
• Aquaculture
• Hot water
• Resorts and pools
• Melting snow

• Ground heat collectors
• Borehole heat exchange

• Dry steam plants
• Flash steam plants
• Binary cycle plants
• Hot dry rocks

• Brine can salinate soil if the water is not injected back into the reserve after the heat is extracted
• Can cause land subsidence and can lead to an increase in seismic activity
• Power plants that do not inject the cooled water back into the ground can release H2S, which is fatal when inhaled
• Noise pollution from drilling of wells

• Useful minerals can be extracted
• Will create more jobs
• Can be online 100% of the time
• Less C02 emissions
• Do not require a lot of land

Regions near volcanoes, hot springs and fumaroles

Iceland

ARBRE