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Kngaddi
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What are the three bone features?
- Articular Surfaces
- Processes
- Holes/Depressed Areas
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What are articular surfaces?
- covered by articular cartilage
- has joint surfaces
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What are joint surfaces?
Smooth areas of compact bone, where bones come in contact with one another to form joints
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What are the 3 types of articular surfaces?
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What is a Condyle and give an example?
- Large, rounded surface of bone
- Example: Distal ends of humerus and femur, occipital bone
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What is a Head and give an example?
- Rounded surface of proximal ends of long bones
- Example: proximal ends of humerus and femur
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What is a Facet and give an example?
- Flat articular surface
- Example: Carpal and tarsal bones, vertebrae
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What are processes?
Lumps, bumps, and projections
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What kind of processes form joints?
Processes that have smooth surface (heads and condyles)
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Processes that have rough surfaces are for what?
- muscle or tendon attachment
- *Tendon - connects muscle to bone
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Give examples of Processes
Heads, condyles, vertebral processes, spine on scapula, greater tobercle, greater trochanter
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 Label
- A: Parietal Bone
- B: Frontal Bone
- C: Zygomatic Bone
- D: Lacrimal Bone
- E: Maxilla
- F: Incisive
- G: Nasal
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Label 
- A: Maxilla
- B: Nasal
- C: Lacrimal
- D: Zygomatic
- E: Frontal
- F: Temporal
- G: Parietal
- H: Occipital
- I: Mandible
- J: Incisive
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What are the two types of holes/depressed areas?
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What is a foramen?
- Hole in bone
- Allows for nerves, blood vessels, lymph vessels to enter bone
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What is a fossa?
- Depressed areas in bone
- Usually associated with tendons for muscle attachment
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What is the axial skeleton?
- Bones of the head and trunk of the body
- Made up of: Bones of cranium, ear, and face
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What are the bones of the cranium?
- Frontal (2)
- Occipital (1)
- Parietal (2)
- Temporal (2)
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What are the bones of the face?
- Incisive (2)
- Lacrimal (2)
- Mandible (1 or 2, depends on species)
- Maxillary (2)
- Nasal (2)
- Zygomatic (2)
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Occipial Bone
- Forms the base of the skull
- Connects to the atlas
- Foramen magnum
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What is the foramen magnum?
Large opening at the base of occipital bone (spinal cord passes through here)
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Temporal Bone
- Contains the middle and inner ear
- Forms the TMJ (temporomandibular joint) with mandible
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Frontal Bone
Contains the Cornual Process (horn core around which the horn develops)
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Incisive Bone
- Houses the incisors - in species that have incisors
- Ruminants do not have incisors, but still have incisive bones
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Maxilla (maxillary) Bone
- Upper Jaw
- Houses canines, premolars, molars
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Lacrimal Bones
Houses lacrimal sac
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What is the lacrimal sac?
Compartment within the lacrimal bone that aids in tear drainage
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Mandible Bones
- Lower Jaw
- Forms the TMJ with the temporal bones
- Only movable bone in the skull
- Shaft of the mandible - houses teeth
- Ramus of mandible - forms the TMJ, tendon attachment
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In what species is the mandible separated by cartilaginous joints?
Dogs, cats, cattle
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In what species is the mandible fused?
Horses and pigs
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Appendicular skeleton
- Bones of the limbs
- Two sections: Thoratic and Pelvic Limb
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Bones of Thoratic Limb (Forelimb)
- Scapula
- Humerus
- Radius
- Ulna
- Carpal Bones
- Metacarpal Bones
- Phalanges
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Bones of Pelvic Limb (Hind limb)
- Pelvis (Ilium, Ischium, Pubis)
- Femur
- Tibia
- Fibula
- Tarsal Bones
- Metatarsal Bones
- Phalanges
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Scapula
Distal end forms the socket portion of the ball-and-socket shoulder joint (humerus forms the ball portion)
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Humerus
- Proximal end: forms ball portion of the ball-and-socket shoulder joint
- Proximal end: Has a head
- Proximal processes are where shoulder muscles attach
- Distal end: forms elbow joint with radius and ulna
- Distal end is the condyl
- Olecranon fossa
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What is the olecranon fossa?
Deep indentation on the back surface of the humerus, above the condyle
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Ulna
- Forms a major portion of the elbow joint
- Olcecranon Process
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What is the Olcecranon Process?
Forms point of elbow, muscle attachment
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Carpal/Tarsal Bones
- Together known as Carpus/Tarsus
- Rows of bones do have individual names
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Metacarpal/Metatarsal Bones
Appearance determined by what kind of foot the animal has
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Phalanges
- Digit - Toe or finger
- each digit is made up of 2 or 3 bones called phalanges (bones that make up digits)
- Sesamoid bones
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Sesamoid bones
- Irregular bones, found in tendons
- Can change direction suddenly over the surface of joints
- Allows muscles to exert powerful forces on the bones without the tendons wearing
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Pelvis
- Develops as three separate bones that fuse into a solid structure
- 2 halves of the pelvis joined by pelvic symphaysis
- 3 Parts: Ilium, Ischium, Pubis
- Acetabulum
- Obturator Foramina (Foramens)
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Acetabulum
The deep socket portion of the ball-and-socket joint of the hip; formed where the 3 pelvic bones meet
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Obturator Foramina (foramens)
2 large holes on either side of the pelvic symphysis; primary function is to lighten the pelvis
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Femur
- Proximal end: forms ball portion of the ball-and-socket hip joint
- Proximal end: has a head
- Proximal processes are where muscles attach
- Distal end: forms stifle joint with patella and tibia
- distal end is the condyle
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stifle joint
similar to human knee joint
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Patella
- Largest sesamoid bone in body
- Helps protect tendons in the stifle joint
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Tibia
- Forms the stifle joint with the femur above it
- Forms the hock with the tarsus below it
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Fibula
- Non weight bearing bone
- Presence varies from species to species
- Complete in pigs, dogs,cats
- fused with the tibia in cattle
- Has regressed nearly completely in horses
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Hock
Common term for the bones, joints, and tissues found in this region
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Spinal or vertebral column
- series of individual irregular bones (vertebrae)
- Extends from skull to tip of tail
- Vertebrae not individually named
- Identified by numbering system
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Atlas Bone
- Articulates with the occipital bone
- Connects spinal column to skull
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Sacral Vertebrae
Fuse together to form a solid structure called sacrum
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5 regions of spinal or vertebral column
(Region Name - Where it's Located - Abbreviations)
- Cervical - Neck - C
- Thoracic - Chest - T
- Lumbar - Abdomen - L
- Sacral - Pelvis - S
- Coccygeal - Tail - Cy
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3 Vertebral Characteristics
- Body
- Arch
- Processes (Spinous and Transverse)
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Body Vertebrae Characteristic
- Strongest, most positive portion
- Ventral side of spinal column
- Adjacent vertebrae bodies separated by invertebrate disks that are made of cartilage and act as shock absorbers
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Arch Vertebrae Characteric
- Dorsal side of spinal column
- Vertebral foramen
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Vertebral Foramen
- Hollow opening formed by body and arch or vertebra - houses and protects the spinal cord
- Spinal cord passes through here
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Processes Vertebrae Characteristic
Allow for tendon attachment (Muscle Attachment)
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Ribs
- Number of ribs is usually equal to the number of thoracic vertebrae
- Heads (proximal ends) of ribs form joints with the thoracic vertebrae
- Ventral ends of ribs are made of cartilage
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Ventral ends of cartilage
- Bonds directly to sternum
- Connects to adjacent cartilaginous part of rib
- Ends in muscles of thoracic wall (floating ribs)
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Rostral
Toward the tip of the nose (Used only on the head)
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Dorsal
Toward the top surface of the body
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Ventral
Toward the bottom (belly) surface of the body
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Medial
Toward the median plane
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Lateral
Away from the median plane
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Proximal
Toward the body (appendages)
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Distal
Away from the body (appendages)
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Palmar
Ground/back surface of front limb distal to the carpus
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Plantar
Ground/back surface of hind limb distal to the tarsus
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Median Plane
Divides the body into equal left and right halves
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Sagittal Plane
Divides the body into left and right parts that are not necessarily equal
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Transverse Plane
Divides the body into cranial and caudal parts
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Dorsal Plane
Divides the body into dorsal and ventral parts
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