AGR 282 Quiz 3

• Articular Surfaces
• Processes 
• Holes/Depressed Areas

• covered by articular cartilage
• has joint surfaces

Smooth areas of compact bone, where bones come in contact with one another to form joints

• Condyle
• Head
• Facet

• Large, rounded surface of bone
• Example: Distal ends of humerus and femur, occipital bone

• Rounded surface of proximal ends of long bones
• Example: proximal ends of humerus and femur

• Flat articular surface
• Example: Carpal and tarsal bones, vertebrae

Lumps, bumps, and projections

Processes that have smooth surface (heads and condyles)

• muscle or tendon attachment
• *Tendon - connects muscle to bone

Heads, condyles, vertebral processes, spine on scapula, greater tobercle, greater trochanter

• A: Parietal Bone
• B: Frontal Bone
• C: Zygomatic Bone
• D: Lacrimal Bone
• E: Maxilla
• F: Incisive
• G: Nasal

• A: Maxilla
• B: Nasal
• C: Lacrimal
• D: Zygomatic
• E: Frontal
• F: Temporal
• G: Parietal
• H: Occipital
• I: Mandible
• J: Incisive

• Foramen
• Fossa

• Hole in bone
• Allows for nerves, blood vessels, lymph vessels to enter bone

• Depressed areas in bone
• Usually associated with tendons for muscle attachment

• Bones of the head and trunk of the body 
• Made up of: Bones of cranium, ear, and face

• Frontal (2)
• Occipital (1)
• Parietal (2)
• Temporal (2)

• Incisive (2)
• Lacrimal (2)
• Mandible (1 or 2, depends on species)
• Maxillary (2)
• Nasal (2)
• Zygomatic (2)

• Forms the base of the skull 
• Connects to the atlas
• Foramen magnum

Large opening at the base of occipital bone (spinal cord passes through here)

• Contains the middle and inner ear
• Forms the TMJ (temporomandibular joint) with mandible

Contains the Cornual Process (horn core around which the horn develops)

• Houses the incisors - in species that have incisors 
• Ruminants do not have incisors, but still have incisive bones

• Upper Jaw
• Houses canines, premolars, molars

Houses lacrimal sac

Compartment within the lacrimal bone that aids in tear drainage

• Lower Jaw 
• Forms the TMJ with the temporal bones 
• Only movable bone in the skull 
• Shaft of the mandible - houses teeth
• Ramus of mandible - forms the TMJ, tendon attachment

Dogs, cats, cattle

Horses and pigs

• Bones of the limbs 
• Two sections: Thoratic and Pelvic Limb

• Scapula 
• Humerus 
• Radius 
• Ulna
• Carpal Bones
• Metacarpal Bones
• Phalanges

• Pelvis (Ilium, Ischium, Pubis)
• Femur
• Tibia
• Fibula 
• Tarsal Bones
• Metatarsal Bones 
• Phalanges

Distal end forms the socket portion of the ball-and-socket shoulder joint (humerus forms the ball portion)

• Proximal end: forms ball portion of the ball-and-socket shoulder joint 
• Proximal end: Has a head
• Proximal processes are where shoulder muscles attach 
• Distal end: forms elbow joint with radius and ulna
• Distal end is the condyl 
• Olecranon fossa

Deep indentation on the back surface of the humerus, above the condyle

• Forms a major portion of the elbow joint 
• Olcecranon Process

Forms point of elbow, muscle attachment

• Together known as Carpus/Tarsus
• Rows of bones do have individual names

Appearance determined by what kind of foot the animal has

• Digit - Toe or finger
• each digit is made up of 2 or 3 bones called phalanges (bones that make up digits)
• Sesamoid bones

• Irregular bones, found in tendons
• Can change direction suddenly over the surface of joints 
• Allows muscles to exert powerful forces on the bones without the tendons wearing

• Develops as three separate bones that fuse into a solid structure
• 2 halves of the pelvis joined by pelvic symphaysis
• 3 Parts: Ilium, Ischium, Pubis 
• Acetabulum 
• Obturator Foramina (Foramens)

The deep socket portion of the ball-and-socket joint of the hip; formed where the 3 pelvic bones meet

2 large holes on either side of the pelvic symphysis; primary function is to lighten the pelvis

• Proximal end: forms ball portion of the ball-and-socket hip joint 
• Proximal end: has a head
• Proximal processes are where muscles attach
• Distal end: forms stifle joint with patella  and tibia 
• distal end is the condyle

similar to human knee joint

• Largest sesamoid bone in body
• Helps protect tendons in the stifle joint

• Forms the stifle joint with the femur above it
• Forms the hock with the tarsus below it

• Non weight bearing bone
• Presence varies from species to species 
• Complete in pigs, dogs,cats
• fused with the tibia in cattle
• Has regressed nearly completely in horses

Common term for the bones, joints, and tissues found in this region

• series of individual irregular bones (vertebrae)
• Extends from skull to tip of tail 
• Vertebrae not individually named
• Identified by numbering system

• Articulates with the occipital bone 
• Connects spinal column to skull

Fuse together to form a solid structure called sacrum

• Cervical - Neck - C
• Thoracic - Chest - T
• Lumbar - Abdomen - L
• Sacral - Pelvis - S
• Coccygeal - Tail - Cy

• Body
• Arch
• Processes (Spinous and Transverse)

• Strongest, most positive portion
• Ventral side of spinal column 
• Adjacent vertebrae bodies separated by invertebrate disks that are made of cartilage and act as shock absorbers

• Dorsal side of spinal column
• Vertebral foramen

• Hollow opening formed by body and arch or vertebra - houses and protects the spinal cord
• Spinal cord passes through here

Allow for tendon attachment  (Muscle Attachment)

• Number of ribs is usually equal to the number of thoracic vertebrae 
• Heads (proximal ends) of ribs form joints with the thoracic vertebrae 
• Ventral ends of ribs are made of cartilage

• Bonds directly to sternum 
• Connects to adjacent cartilaginous part of rib
• Ends in muscles of thoracic wall (floating ribs)

Toward the head

Toward the tail

Toward the tip of the nose (Used only on the head)

Toward the top surface of the body

Toward the bottom (belly) surface of the body

Toward the median plane

Away from the median plane

Toward the body (appendages)

Away from the body (appendages)

Ground/back surface of front limb distal to the carpus

Ground/back surface of hind limb distal to the tarsus

Divides the body into equal left and right halves

Divides the body into left and right parts that are not necessarily equal

Divides the body into cranial and caudal parts

Divides the body into dorsal and ventral parts