definitions Chem exam 1

Quantative observation with a value number and a unit

standard way of expressing large as well as small numbers

(digits) (sf) reflects precision of a given number

Number with unlimited (Sf)

standard agreed upon quantities by which measurements are made  


(eng & metric unit) (Scientist us SI units)

uses prefixes multipliers to change the magnitude the size of units

is a measure of distance between two points- measured with a ruler

is a measure of a 3dimensional space occupied by an object

measured using graduated cylinder

is a measure of quantity of material (matter) 

measured with balance

is a measure of force of gravity acting upon an object

changing from one unit to another for particular measurements

using conversion factors derived form equivalents

is a measure of a mass per volume 

the ratio of mass to volume

• D= m/v
• M= d*v
• V=m/d

is anything which has mass and occupies space

consists of small particles like atom + molecules

is the ability to do work

is the smallest indivisible particle of any matter

is a smaller particle with groups of atoms bond together

is a substance which consists of same kind of atoms.

(homoatomic)

is a substance which consists of more than one kind of atoms bounded together

• (heteroatomic) 
• matter, molecule, element & compound

is a branch of science which studies matter to the molecular level

systematic way of learning through experiment and observation

• is a tenative explanation based on observation
• (can be modified)

• is a well established hypothesis
• (can be modified with time)

which provides broader and deeper explanation based on many similar observations

Atom is the smallest indivisible particle (small unit) of any matter

statements given based on many similar observation with no exceptions to the rule 

(can not be modified with time)

Matter can neither be created nor destroyed.

• Particles that have definite (fixed) shape + volume
• Incompressible

Particles that have no fixed shape but have fixed volume

Incompressible

particles that do not have definite shape of volume

Highly compressible

is a substance of consisting of same type of particles

is a pure substance consisting of same type of atoms, which can not be broken down to simpler substances

is a pure substance consisting of particles, which is a chemical combination of two or more elements in a fixed ratio

can be broken down to simpler substance

is a physical combination of two or more substances with no fixed ratio

Consists of more than one type of particle (atom + molecules)

uniform mixture of two or more substances whose composition is same through all different regions

Air, Alloys, soda, sea water, alcoholic drinks

Non uniforms mixture of two or more substances, whose composition is not same through different regions.

Milk, blood, oil + water, sand + water, paint

are characteristics exhibited with no change in composition (no new particles formed)

viscosity, boiling point, freezing point

Reversible

are characteristics exhibited with a change in composition - New particles formed

acidity, toxicity, flammability, corrosiveness

irreversible

Heterogeneous Mixture

sand + water

Homogeneous Mixture

sodium chloride + water

Homogeneous Mixture

Alcohol + water

Heterogeneous Mixture 

oil + water

is ability to work

Energy can neither be created or destroyed

is the stored form of energy

is the energy of particle at rest

is the energy of a moving particle

is the amount of energy required by one gram of water to change by 1 degree celcius

is a measure of intensity of heat 

measurement related to the relative movement of particles 

measured using a thermometer

is the amount of energy required by one gram of a substance to change by 1 degree celcius

is the thermal energy exchanged due to temperature differences

energy released, given out, lost, is a product

energy absorbed, gained, taken in is a reactant

is the smallest particle (single unit) of any matter

are lighter negatively charged particle found within an atom

Symbol e1-

are heavier positively charged particles found in the heavy center core of the atom called the nucleus 

symbol p1+

are as heavy as a proton 

symbol n0

particles found within an atom

what are they, scientist, exp, model/theory, symbol, relative charge, relative mass, location

stands for the number of protons

# of electron

stands for the total number of protons + neutrons 

dont mistake with atomic mass

is equal to 1/12th the mass of carbon-12 which has 6 protons and 6 neutrons

are atoms of the same element with different mass number

are atoms of the same element with different number of neutrons

is the average relative isotopic mass of all the isotopes of a given element

is the extent to which an isotope is available in nature

all isotopes are not present to the same extent

are with one or two letters derived form english, latin or greek names of elements

Father of periodic table

when elements arranged by increasing relative atomic mass sets of properties of elements recur periodically

elements are arranged by increasing atomic number

are charged particles formed by the loss or gain of electrons

Cation-is formed by the loss of electron by metallic element

is formed by the gain of the electrons by non metallic elements

Main group elements tend to lose or gain electrons to become stable like nearest noble gas