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what are nosocomial infections
Infections acquired at the HOSPITAL or other medical care institutions during the course of care
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what is an iatrogenic infection
A nosocomial infection that results from a particular treatment or therapeutic procedure
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what is community acquired infection
a person who enters the health care facility with an infection
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what are the natural microorganisms in every humans body
flora
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what is it called when an infection is caused by microorganisms that are not normal flora
exogenous nosocomial infections
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what is an infection caused by the overgrowth of normal flora
- endogenous nosocomial infection
- it can be caused by normal flora into another in placement of normal flora into another body cavity or the result of broad spectrum antimicrobial drugs
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what are the four factors that encourage nosocomial infections
- environmental - air, sick pts. visitors, hospital personnel, contaminated food and equipment
- therapeutic regimen - Immunosuppressive and cytotoxic drugs used to treat malignant or chronic diseases, which decrease the patient’s resistance to infection
- equipment - catheters, ng, iv tubes, respiratory therapy equipment that have not been properly sterilized
- contamination during medical procedures - any procedure can produce infective organisms if the correct technique is not used
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what are some factors that increase the potential for nosocomial infections
- Age
- Heredity
- Nutritional Status
- Stress
- Inadequate rest exercise
- Personal habits
- Health history
- Inadequate defenses
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what are the common sites on the body for nosocomial infections
- urinary tract infections
- surgical wounds
- VAD
- respiratory tract infections
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early removal of what medical instrument can help reduce risk to infection
catheters
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what are the four microorganisms the produce diseases
- bacteria
- fungi
- viruses
- parasites & Prions
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what is a pathogen
is an organism the can cause a disease
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what is a colorless, minute one celled organism that contains bothe DNA and RNA
bacteria
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what is microorganism needs oxygen to survive (aerobic)
bacteria
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what are some diseases caused by bacteria
- TB
- Streptococcal Infections of the throat
- Staphylococcal Infections
- Salmonella Poisoning
- Lyme Disease
- Gonorrhea
- Syphilis
- Tetanus
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what are examples of fungi
mold and yeast
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how does fungi reproduce
by budding (yeasts) or spores (molds) formation
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what is a complex one celled microorganism that moves by flagella and cilia
parasites
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what are some diseases associated with parasites
- GI & GU tracts
- malaria
- toxoplasmosis
- giardiasis
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what are helminths microorgansims and where do they live
- parasitic worms
- in the intestines
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what is the smallest microorganism
viruses
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what microorganism has either DNA or RNA but never both
viruses
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how must a virus survive
must invade a host cell to live and reproduce
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list some common viral diseases
- herpes
- influenza
- common cold
- mumps
- measles
- hepatits
- aids
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what microorganism exists in all mammals brain cells and can be malformed due to disease or genetic predisposition
prions
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what microorganism causes mad cow disease
prions
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what are the transmission of diseases
- an infectous agent
- reservoir of infection
- exit portal from the reservoir
- means of transmission
- entrance portal to new host
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what has an ability to cause disease that are part of the elements needed to transmit infection
- pathogenicity
- virulence
- invasiveness
- apecificity
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what is a reservoir
list examples
- where pathogens can live and multiple
- human being
- animal
- plant
- food
- water
- soil
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what is an exit portal
list examples
- microbes leave the reservoir through one or more exit areas or portals
- human beings (nose mouth open wound urinary tract intestines)
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what are the means of transmission of diseases
- indirect contact - touching infected objects
- direct contact - touching
- dropelets - contact with infections secretions
- vehicle- infected food water blood or drugs
- airborne - evaporated roplets in the air
- vector - infected animals
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list the example entrance portals to host
- ingestion
- inhalation
- injection
- across mucous membrane
- across the placenta
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what people are vulnerable hosts to diseases
- poorly nourished
- chronically illed
- immune suppressed patients
- socioeconimc status/poor environment
- poor hygien conditions/poor diets
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what disease is incurable and has a high mortality rate
HIV which later on results to AIDS
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in what stage must a patient reach of the disease before it is classified as AIDS
5th
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what is called when a persons body that does not adequately defend itself against disease
so their body cannot do what ?
- they are immunodepresses or immunocompromised
- their body is unable to neutralize destroy or eliminate invading antigens from his or her body
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what is third line of defense against antigens which are foreign substance cause the body to produce ______?
antibodies - protein substances that destroy antigens
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what are antibodies produced by
b - lymphocytes
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what are autoimmune diseases
- they are antibodies that destroy healthy tissue
- their antibodies react in a different way
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what are the four stages of infection process and briefly describe each
- incubation stage - pathogen enters body and amy lie dormant and present no symptoms
- prodromal stage - microbes produce and disease process begins, now are infected
- full diseas stage - symptoms diminish and disappear for awhile and becomes latent and may reoccur
- convalescance stage
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what body process helps fight disease by increasing metabolic rate
fever
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what type of virus is HIV
retrovirus - converts RNA to DNA when it enter the host cell
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what do retroviruses have that increases their ability to destroy host cell (t4)
reverse transcriptase
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HIV blood borne infection
- Transmitted through sexual contact
- Transfusion of contaminated blood Contaminated needles infected
- body fliuds
- Mother/child
- IV drug users
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viral hepatitis can turn into what disease in acute progression phase
cirrhosis
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how many hepatitis RNA viruses are there
5 A-E
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which hepatitis virus is transmitted only through fecal oral transmission
hep A & E
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what is viral hepatitis
is an inflammation of liver cells that is initial acute but in some cases render the disease to the chronic carries
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what part of the body does TB affect and what vaccine is needed for it
- lungs or any part of the body
- 2 step PPD shot
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what is medical asepsis
To eliminate as best as possible all microorganisms with the use of soap, water, friction, and chemical disinfectants.
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what is surgical asepsis
Microorganisms and their spores have been completely destroyed by means of heat or chemical process
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what does OSHA stand for
occupation safety and health administration
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what are some procedures of infection control
- medical and surgical asepsis
- dress - minimal to non jewelry, nails, clothing lab coats
- protective gowns
- hair pinned back and away from pts
- handwashing
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why is cleaning yur hands important between patients
b/c many studies have shown that the bateria that cause hospital acquried infections are most frequently spread from one patient to another on the hands of hcws
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in healthcare facilities do the majority of healthcare workers wash their hands in between patients
no
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why do healthcare workers do not wash their hands
- heavy workloads (too busy)
- skin irritation caused by frequent use of soap and water
- hands not looking dirty
- sinks are poorly located
- handwashing takes too long
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patients with what disease carry resistant germs on their skin even when they dont have any wounds or broken skin
- mRSA methicillin-resistantS. aureus
- VRE vancomycin-resistant enterococci
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what is one advantage in using alcohol based hand rubs
they are well locate and they require less time
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does frequent use of alcohol based hand rubs dry the skin
no
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when should you wash your hands
- your hands are visibly soiled (dirty)
- hands are visibly contaminated with blood or body fluids before eating
- after using the restroom
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when should you use alcohol based rubs
- before having direct contact with patients after having direct contact with a patient’s skin
- after having contact with body fluids, wounds or broken skin
- after touching equipment or furniture near the patient
- after removing gloves
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what do you do after you feel a build up of emoillents on your hands from alcohol based rubs
wash hands with soap and water
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it is important to protect yourself from all substances that are _____?
- wet :
- breast milk
- blood
- sputum
- nasal secretions
- urine & feces
- wound drainage
- CSF
- pleural, synovial fluid, peritoneal fluid
- seminal or vaginal secretions
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what are some examples of PPE (personal protective equipment
gowns gloves and goggles
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what is disinfection
removal of microorganism (but not spores) from ojects or body surfaces by mechanical & chemical means
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what is the most important airborne (microbes spread on evaporated droplet's suspended in air & inhaled) precautions
- priv room neg. air pressure ventilation and mask
- tb particulate air filter
- mask for pt via trasnportation
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what is colonization
the presence of microbes on skin without the symptoms of disease
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what are expanded strict isolation precautions used for
- diseases that are highly infectious
- diseases that are different to control
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list the protocol in Infection Control in the Newborn and Intensive Care Nurseries
- the RT must carefully clean the protable machine with disinfectant wipes
- clean cloth covers the IR
- hands washed for 3 minutes
- gown
- gonadal shielding
- the RT must never enter the nursery if he or is suspected of having an infection
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