Med terms Ch 6

• syndrome caused by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)  the renders immune cells ineffective, permitting opportunistic infections, malignancies, and neurologic diseases to develop
• transmitted sexually or through contaminated food

• long lasting immunity that results from stimulating the body to produce its own antibodies
• develop either naturally, in response to an infection, or artificially  in response to the administration of a vaccine

group of leukocytes w/o granules in their nuclei

condition of reduce # of RBCs, hemoglobin, or packed red cells in blood, resulting in diminished ability of RBC's to transport oxygen to the tissues

substance produced by the body that destroys or inactivates an antigen that has entered the body

a drug that prevents clotting

_{substance that when introduced into the body, causes the formation of antibodies against}

a NORMOCYTIC - NORMOCHROMIC type of anemia characterized by the failure of bone marrow to produces RBCs

• an disorder characterized by abnormal function of the immune system that causes the body to produce antibodies against itself, resulting in tissue destruction or loss of function
• rheumatoid arthritis and lupus are examples

• battery of tests used as a general screen for disease
• includes test for Ca²⁺, CO₂ , chloride, creatinine, glucose, potassium, sodium, and blood urea nitrogen (BUN)

blood urea nitrogen

granular leukocyte, named for DARK stain of its granules, that brings anticoagulant substances to inflamed tissues

test of the fluid portion of blood to measure the amounts  of its chemical constituents (glucose and cholesterol)

• special batteries of automated blood chemistry tests preformed on a single sample of blood
• used as a general screen for disease or to target specific organs or condititons 
• metabolic panel
• lipid panel
• arthritis panel

• test to determine if infection is present in the bloodstream by isolating a specimen of blood in an environment that encourages the growth of microorganisms
• the specimen is observed and the organisms that grow in the culture are identified

calculation of RBC, HGB, and HCT results to determine the average size, [hemoglobin], and the content of RBC to classify an anemia

introduction of blood product into the circulation of a recipient whose blood volume is reduced or deficient in some manner

needle aspiration of bone marrow tissue for pathologic examination

pathologic examination of bone marrow tissue

transplantation of healthy bone marrow from a compatible donor to a diseased recipient to stimulate blood cell production

• a measure of the number of CD4 cells (a subset of T lymphocytes) in the blood; used in monitoring the course of HIV and in time of treatment of AIDS
• the normal adult range is 600-1500 cells in a given volume of blood

• common lab blood test preformed as a screen of general health or for diagnostic purposes and typically includes the component tests that follow
• test results are usually reported along with normal values so that the clinician can interpret the results based on the instrumentation used by the lab
• normal ranges also may vary depending on the region and climate

• test preformed in a addition to the basic panel fr expanded screening
• albumin
• billirubin
• alkaline phosphatase
• protein 
• ALT
• AST

method of matching a donor's blood to the recipient by mixing a sample in a test tube to determine compatibility

• granular leukocyte, named for the rose-colored stain of its granules, that increases in allergic and some infectious reaction
• eso= dawn-colored, rosy

• determination of number of each type of WBC in a stained blood smear
• each type is counted and reported as a % of the total examined 
• type of WBC: 
• lymphocyte → normal range: 25-33%

monocyte→ normal range: 3-7%

• disorder that results from the incompatibility of a fetus with Rh- positive blood and a mother with Rh-negative blood, causing RBC destruction in the fetus
• a blood transfusion is necessary to save the fetus

• RBC
• transports O₂ and CO₂

time test that measures the rate at which RBCs settle through a volume of plasma

group of leukocytes containing granules in their cytoplasm

measurement of the % of packed RBC in a given volume of blood

hereditary bleeding disorders caused by a defect in clotting factors necessary for the coagulation of blood

• the protein-iron compound in erythrocytes that transport O₂ and CO2 
• a test to determine the number of hemoglobin (expressed in grams)

breakdown of RBC membrane

group of hereditary bleeding disorder caused by a defect in the clotting factors necessary for the coagulation of blood

process of disease protection induced by the exposure to an antigen

a drug that stops the flow of blood with in the vessels

impaired immunologic defenses caused by an immunodeficiency disorder or by the therapy with immunosuppressive agents

impaired ability to provide an immune response

use of biologic agents to prevent or treat disease by stimulating the body's own defense mechanism, as seen in the treatment of AIDs, cancer or allergy

• a MICROCYTIC- HYPOCHROMIC type of anemia characterized by a lack of iron that affects the production of hemoglobin.
• characterized by small RBCs containing low amounts of HB

• chronic or acute malignant (cancerous) disease of the blood-forming organs
• characterized by small RBCs containing low amount of HB

• WBC
• protects that body from harmful invading substances

fluid that is circulated through the lymph vessels

microscopic vessels that draw lymph from tissues to the lymph vessels

collecting channels that carry lymph from the lymph nodes to the veins

removal of possible cancer-carrying lymph nodes for pathologic examination

• many small, oval structures that filter lymph from the lymph vessels 
• major locations include the cervical, axillary, and inguinal regions

vessels that receive lymph capillaries and circulate it to the lymph nodes

removal of lymph node

ENLARGED (diseased) lymph nodes

• agranulocytic leukocyte that is active in the process of immunity 
• the 3 categories of lymphocytes are
• 1. T cells = thymus dependent
• 2. B cells = bone marrow-derived
• 3. natural killer cells = nk

abnormally reduced number of lymphocytes

• any neoplastic disorder of lymph tissue, usually malignant
• Hodgkin disease

• calculation of the average hemoglobin concentration in each RBC using HGB and HCT
• results: MCHC=HBB/HCT

• calculation of the CONTENT (WEIGHT) of Hb in the average RBC using HGB and RBC 
• results: MCH = HGB/RBC

• calculation of the volume (size) of individual RBC using HCT and RBC
• results: MCV = HCT/ RBC

process of cancer cell spreading by blood or lymph circulation to distant organ

agranulocytic leukocyte that preforms phagocytosis to fight infection

condition caused by Epstein-Barr virus and characterized by an increase in mononuclear cells (monocytes & lymphocytes) in the blood along with enlarged lymph nodes (lymphadenopathy), fatigue, and sore throat (pharyngitis)

• disorder within the bone marrow characterized by a proliferation of abnormal stem cells
• usually develops into a specific type of leukemia

decreased number of neutrophils

granular leukocyte, named for the neutral stain of its granules, that fights infection by swallowing bacteria (phagocytosis)

abnormally reduced number of all cellular components in the blood

test to determine coagulation defects, such as platelet disorders

short-lasting immunity that results from foreign antibodies that are conveyed either naturally, though the placenta to a fetus, or artificially, by injection of a serum containing antibodies

a MACRO-NORMOCHROMIC type of anemia characterized by an inadequate supply of vitamin B12, causing RBCs to become large, varied in shape, and reduced in number

incision into or puncture of a vein to withdraw blood for testing

• liquid portion of the blood and lymph
• contains water, proteins, and cellular components (RBC, EBC, and platelets)

• removal of plasma from the body with separation and extraction of specific elements  (ex platelets) followed by reinfusion
• apheresis = a withdrawal

• calculation of the number of thrombocytes in the blood 
• the normal adult range is 150,000- 400,000 platelets in a given volume of blood

• thrombocytes 
• cell fragments in the blood that are essential for blood clotting (coagulation)

increased number of erythrocytes and hemoglobin in the blood

• another term for neutrophil
• referring to the many segments in its nucleus

protein substance in the blood that is essential to the clotting process

test to measure activity of prothrombin in the blood

count of number of RBC in a given volume of blood obtained via manual or automated lab methods

presence or lack of antigens on the surface of RBCs which causes a reaction btween Rh+ and Rh= blood

ABSENCE of antigen

PRESENCE of antigen

systemic disease cause by infection with microorganisms and their toxins in circulating blood

liquid portion of the blood that remains after clotting       ...................

organ between the stomach and diaphragm that filters out aging blood cells, removes cellular debris by performing phagocytosis, and provides an environment for lymphocytes to initiate immune respone

removal of the spleen

substance present in tissues, platelets, and leukocytes that is necessary for coagulation

abnormally decreased number of platelets in the blood, impairing the clotting process

primary gland of the lymphatic system, located within the mediastinum, that helps to maintain the body's immune response by producing T lymphocytes

• incision into or puncture of a vein to withdraw blood for testing
• phelbotomy

count of the number of WBC in a given volume of blood obtained via manual or automated lab methods

• alanine aminotransferase
• enzyme

• aspartate aminotransferase 
• enzyme

blood urea nitrogen

complete blood count

erythrocyte sedimentation rate

hematocrit

hemoglobin

mean corpuscular (cell) HEMOGLOBIN

Mean corpuscular (cell) hemoglobin CONCENTRATION

mean corpuscular (cell) volume

platelet count

polymorphonuclear (leukocyte)

prothrombin time

partial thromboplastin time