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acquired immune deficiency syndrome
- syndrome caused by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) the renders immune cells ineffective, permitting opportunistic infections, malignancies, and neurologic diseases to develop
- transmitted sexually or through contaminated food
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active immunity
- long lasting immunity that results from stimulating the body to produce its own antibodies
- develop either naturally, in response to an infection, or artificially in response to the administration of a vaccine
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agranulocytes
group of leukocytes w/o granules in their nuclei
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anemia
condition of reduce # of RBCs, hemoglobin, or packed red cells in blood, resulting in diminished ability of RBC's to transport oxygen to the tissues
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antibody
substance produced by the body that destroys or inactivates an antigen that has entered the body
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anticoagulant
a drug that prevents clotting
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antigen
substance that when introduced into the body, causes the formation of antibodies against
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aplastic anemia
a NORMOCYTIC - NORMOCHROMIC type of anemia characterized by the failure of bone marrow to produces RBCs
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autoimmune disease
- an disorder characterized by abnormal function of the immune system that causes the body to produce antibodies against itself, resulting in tissue destruction or loss of function
- rheumatoid arthritis and lupus are examples
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basic metabolic disease
- battery of tests used as a general screen for disease
- includes test for Ca2+, CO2 , chloride, creatinine, glucose, potassium, sodium, and blood urea nitrogen (BUN)
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basophil
granular leukocyte, named for DARK stain of its granules, that brings anticoagulant substances to inflamed tissues
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blood chemistry
test of the fluid portion of blood to measure the amounts of its chemical constituents (glucose and cholesterol)
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blood chemistry panels
- special batteries of automated blood chemistry tests preformed on a single sample of blood
- used as a general screen for disease or to target specific organs or condititons
- metabolic panel
- lipid panel
- arthritis panel
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blood cultures
- test to determine if infection is present in the bloodstream by isolating a specimen of blood in an environment that encourages the growth of microorganisms
- the specimen is observed and the organisms that grow in the culture are identified
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blood indices
calculation of RBC, HGB, and HCT results to determine the average size, [hemoglobin], and the content of RBC to classify an anemia
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blood transfusion
introduction of blood product into the circulation of a recipient whose blood volume is reduced or deficient in some manner
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bone marrow aspiration
needle aspiration of bone marrow tissue for pathologic examination
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bone marrow biopsy
pathologic examination of bone marrow tissue
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bone marrow transplant
transplantation of healthy bone marrow from a compatible donor to a diseased recipient to stimulate blood cell production
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CD4 cell count
- a measure of the number of CD4 cells (a subset of T lymphocytes) in the blood; used in monitoring the course of HIV and in time of treatment of AIDS
- the normal adult range is 600-1500 cells in a given volume of blood
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complete blood count
- common lab blood test preformed as a screen of general health or for diagnostic purposes and typically includes the component tests that follow
- test results are usually reported along with normal values so that the clinician can interpret the results based on the instrumentation used by the lab
- normal ranges also may vary depending on the region and climate
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comprehensive metabolic panel
- test preformed in a addition to the basic panel fr expanded screening
- albumin
- billirubin
- alkaline phosphatase
- protein
- ALT
- AST
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cross-matching
method of matching a donor's blood to the recipient by mixing a sample in a test tube to determine compatibility
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eosinophil
- granular leukocyte, named for the rose-colored stain of its granules, that increases in allergic and some infectious reaction
- eso= dawn-colored, rosy
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differential count
- determination of number of each type of WBC in a stained blood smear
- each type is counted and reported as a % of the total examined
- type of WBC:
- lymphocyte → normal range: 25-33%
monocyte→ normal range: 3-7%
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erythroblastosis fetalis
- disorder that results from the incompatibility of a fetus with Rh- positive blood and a mother with Rh-negative blood, causing RBC destruction in the fetus
- a blood transfusion is necessary to save the fetus
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Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR)
time test that measures the rate at which RBCs settle through a volume of plasma
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Granulocytes
group of leukocytes containing granules in their cytoplasm
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Hematocrit (HT or Hct)
measurement of the % of packed RBC in a given volume of blood
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hemochromatosis
hereditary bleeding disorders caused by a defect in clotting factors necessary for the coagulation of blood
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hemoglobin
- the protein-iron compound in erythrocytes that transport O2 and CO2
- a test to determine the number of hemoglobin (expressed in grams)
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hemolysis
breakdown of RBC membrane
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hemophilia
group of hereditary bleeding disorder caused by a defect in the clotting factors necessary for the coagulation of blood
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immunity
process of disease protection induced by the exposure to an antigen
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hemostatic
a drug that stops the flow of blood with in the vessels
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immunocompromised
impaired immunologic defenses caused by an immunodeficiency disorder or by the therapy with immunosuppressive agents
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immunosuppression
impaired ability to provide an immune response
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immunotherapy
use of biologic agents to prevent or treat disease by stimulating the body's own defense mechanism, as seen in the treatment of AIDs, cancer or allergy
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Iron Deficiency Anemia
- a MICROCYTIC- HYPOCHROMIC type of anemia characterized by a lack of iron that affects the production of hemoglobin.
- characterized by small RBCs containing low amounts of HB
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Leukemia
- chronic or acute malignant (cancerous) disease of the blood-forming organs
- characterized by small RBCs containing low amount of HB
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leukocyte
- WBC
- protects that body from harmful invading substances
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lymph
fluid that is circulated through the lymph vessels
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lymph capillaries
microscopic vessels that draw lymph from tissues to the lymph vessels
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lymph ducts
collecting channels that carry lymph from the lymph nodes to the veins
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lymphs node dissection
removal of possible cancer-carrying lymph nodes for pathologic examination
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lymph nodes
- many small, oval structures that filter lymph from the lymph vessels
- major locations include the cervical, axillary, and inguinal regions
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lymph vessel
vessels that receive lymph capillaries and circulate it to the lymph nodes
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lymphadenectomy
removal of lymph node
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lymphadenopathy
ENLARGED (diseased) lymph nodes
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lymphocyte
- agranulocytic leukocyte that is active in the process of immunity
- the 3 categories of lymphocytes are
- 1. T cells = thymus dependent
- 2. B cells = bone marrow-derived
- 3. natural killer cells = nk
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lymphocytopenia
abnormally reduced number of lymphocytes
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lymphoma
- any neoplastic disorder of lymph tissue, usually malignant
- Hodgkin disease
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mean corpuscular (cell) hemoglobin concentration (MCHC)
- calculation of the average hemoglobin concentration in each RBC using HGB and HCT
- results: MCHC=HBB/HCT
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mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH)
- calculation of the CONTENT (WEIGHT) of Hb in the average RBC using HGB and RBC
- results: MCH = HGB/RBC
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mean corpuscular volume (MCV)
- calculation of the volume (size) of individual RBC using HCT and RBC
- results: MCV = HCT/ RBC
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metastasis
process of cancer cell spreading by blood or lymph circulation to distant organ
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monocyte
agranulocytic leukocyte that preforms phagocytosis to fight infection
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mononucleosis
condition caused by Epstein-Barr virus and characterized by an increase in mononuclear cells (monocytes & lymphocytes) in the blood along with enlarged lymph nodes (lymphadenopathy), fatigue, and sore throat (pharyngitis)
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myelodysplasia
- disorder within the bone marrow characterized by a proliferation of abnormal stem cells
- usually develops into a specific type of leukemia
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neutropenia
decreased number of neutrophils
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neutrophil
granular leukocyte, named for the neutral stain of its granules, that fights infection by swallowing bacteria (phagocytosis)
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pancytopenia
abnormally reduced number of all cellular components in the blood
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partial thromboplastin time
test to determine coagulation defects, such as platelet disorders
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passive immunity
short-lasting immunity that results from foreign antibodies that are conveyed either naturally, though the placenta to a fetus, or artificially, by injection of a serum containing antibodies
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perniscious anemia
a MACRO-NORMOCHROMIC type of anemia characterized by an inadequate supply of vitamin B12, causing RBCs to become large, varied in shape, and reduced in number
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phlebotomy
incision into or puncture of a vein to withdraw blood for testing
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plasma
- liquid portion of the blood and lymph
- contains water, proteins, and cellular components (RBC, EBC, and platelets)
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plasmapheresis
- removal of plasma from the body with separation and extraction of specific elements (ex platelets) followed by reinfusion
- apheresis = a withdrawal
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platelet count
- calculation of the number of thrombocytes in the blood
- the normal adult range is 150,000- 400,000 platelets in a given volume of blood
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platelets
- thrombocytes
- cell fragments in the blood that are essential for blood clotting (coagulation)
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polycythemia
increased number of erythrocytes and hemoglobin in the blood
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polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN)
- another term for neutrophil
- referring to the many segments in its nucleus
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prothrombin
protein substance in the blood that is essential to the clotting process
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prothrombin time (PT)
test to measure activity of prothrombin in the blood
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red blood count
count of number of RBC in a given volume of blood obtained via manual or automated lab methods
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Rh factor
presence or lack of antigens on the surface of RBCs which causes a reaction btween Rh+ and Rh= blood
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Rh negative
ABSENCE of antigen
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Rh positive
PRESENCE of antigen
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septicemia
systemic disease cause by infection with microorganisms and their toxins in circulating blood
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serum
liquid portion of the blood that remains after clotting ...................
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spleen
organ between the stomach and diaphragm that filters out aging blood cells, removes cellular debris by performing phagocytosis, and provides an environment for lymphocytes to initiate immune respone
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splenectomy
removal of the spleen
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thromboplastin
substance present in tissues, platelets, and leukocytes that is necessary for coagulation
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thrombocytopenia
abnormally decreased number of platelets in the blood, impairing the clotting process
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thymus
primary gland of the lymphatic system, located within the mediastinum, that helps to maintain the body's immune response by producing T lymphocytes
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venipuncture
- incision into or puncture of a vein to withdraw blood for testing
- phelbotomy
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white blood count
count of the number of WBC in a given volume of blood obtained via manual or automated lab methods
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ALT
- alanine aminotransferase
- enzyme
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AST
- aspartate aminotransferase
- enzyme
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ESR
erythrocyte sedimentation rate
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MCH
mean corpuscular (cell) HEMOGLOBIN
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MCHC
Mean corpuscular (cell) hemoglobin CONCENTRATION
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MVC
mean corpuscular (cell) volume
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PMN
polymorphonuclear (leukocyte)
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PTT
partial thromboplastin time
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