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Piagets preoperational stage
- 2-7 years. kids begin using simple symbolism
- -words/images
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Piagets symbolic function substage
- 2-4 years
- -mentally represent objects that are not present
- -egocentrism
- -animism
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lack of perspective taking
egocentrism
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childs belief that inanimate objects have lifelike qualities and are capable of action
animism
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Piagets intuitive thought stage
- 4-7 years
- -primitive reasoning
- -no conservation
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cognitive skills are shaped by social interactions, language, and culture
Vygotsky's socio cultural cognitive theory
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range of tasks that are too difficult for children to master alone, but can be learned with guidance of other children and adults
zone of proximal development
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which limit of the zpd: basic level of problem solving that can occur with guidance "buds"
upper limit
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which limit of the zpd: level of problem solving that the child can perform independently (fruits)
lower limit
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internal speech is useful for ____, _____, and ___ _____ behavior (think self regulation)
planning, guiding, and self monitoring
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go over teaching strategies on page 221
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1st explicit declarative memory is usually between ages of
3-4 years
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hippocampus is one of the last brain structures to develop post natally, this could explain
infantile amnesia
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young children have higher levels of suggestibility compared to preteens/teens/adults. they are vulnerable to suggestions in retrieving long term memories
suggestibility
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examples of suggestibility
- -non-leading questions
- -open ended questions
- -not a clean interview (coaching)
- -non neutral tone
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child centered kindergardens are well rounded, but they may not prepare in terms of
content
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name this type of kindergarten:
-children learn from hands on experience
-play is important
-each child develops @ a unique rate
-process of learning is more emphasized than content
child centered kindergarten
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name this type of kindergarten:
-content is what is focused on
-benchmarks are presented to class as a whole
academically focused kindergarten
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-focus originated from educating children with intellectual disabilities
-children have freedom and spontaneity in classroom
-children are evaluated individually
-gifted children excel
-slower children can catch up
Montessori
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criticisms of Montessori
- -may no encourage social development
- -child may have difficulty transitioning to non montessori
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pro of Montessori
children frequently become self regulated. problem solvers who know how to make choices
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parenting styles factors
- -responsiveness/warmth
- -demanding/control
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name this parenting style:
-low in warmth, high in control
-restrictive and punitive style
-little verbal exchange
-discipline is harsh
authoritarian
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name this type of parenting style:
-high in warmth and high in control
-warm but firm
-encourage discussion and independence
authoritative
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name this type of parenting style:
-low in warmth and low in control
-not involved in childs life
-hands off
-kids are on their own
neglectful
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name this type of parenting style:
-high in warmth and low in control
-lack of discipline/limits
-child is in charge
indulgent
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which parenting type do these outcomes point to?
-poor communication skills
-anxious regarding social comparison
-fail to initiate activity
authoritarian
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which parenting type do these outcomes point to?
-socially competent
-socially reliant
-socially responsible
authoritative
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which parenting type do these outcomes point to?
-poor self control
-lack of independence
-socially incompetent
-no external self control, no limits to teach child self control
neglectful
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which parenting type do these outcomes point to?
-frequently do not respect others
-lack self control
-socially incompetent
indulgent
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notable cause of child maltreatment
-1/3 of parents who were abused will go on to repeat the pattern with their own children
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key thoughts from Dr. Alfred Adler
- -every child seeks to find identity within a family system
- -family may favor a specific gender
- -when an identity is taken, it becomes "off" the list
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characteristics of a first child
- -more conforming, adult oriented, and academically successful
- -experience more anxiety, and difficulty coping
- -intelligent, conscientious
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characteristics of second borns
- -creative
- -non conformist
- -more likely to be rebellious, liberal, agreeable
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the baby of the family is most motivated to...
surpass the older siblings. has the greatest difficulty of being seen as an adult
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some reasons that divorce rates went up
- -women's roles changed dramatically
- -non traditional family system because of dual earner roles
- -no fault divorces made it easier to get a divorce
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5 mediating factors which determines impact of divorce
- -level of conflict between parents (most damaging)
- -psychological adjustments of parents
- -amount of contact with parents
- -economic stress
- -other life changes related to divorce
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higher adjustment the better for the children. this is an aspect of
psychological adjustment of parents
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more contact with parents (assuming that the parents are adequate) the better for the child. this is an aspect of
the amount of contact with the parents
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